Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Overview
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the name given to cells which do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic cells

What does magnification refer to?

The number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object

Who was the first person to describe cells?

Robert Hooke

Who was the first person to observe living cells?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'organelle' refer to?

<p>A specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does resolution refer to?

<p>The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are mitochondria known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?

<p>Organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, aerobic respiration takes place here.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts?

<p>An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nanometers are in a millimeter?

<p>One million</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating magnification?

<p>Image size/actual size</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

<p>It is selectively permeable and regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

<p>A thick, gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid, which maintains cell shape and stores chemicals for metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes. Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a vesicle?

<p>A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>An organelle containing digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles?

<p>Form spindle fibers during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'exocytosis' refer to?

<p>Release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell wall?

<p>A rigid structure of a plant cell, that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. Forming a sieve-like network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vacuole in a plant cell?

<p>Membrane-bound sac in a plant cell that buds in cytoplasm that contains cell sap. The cells framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plasmodesmata?

<p>Microscopic channels which cross the cell walls of plant cells to enable transport and communication between cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pits?

<p>Pores that allow water movement through cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the capsule in some species of bacteria?

<p>Slippery layer outside the cell wall of some species of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleoid?

<p>An irregularly shaped region in prokaryotic cells that holds nuclear material without a nuclear membrane and where the genetic material is localised. The DNA forms one circular chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plasmid?

<p>Small loops of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is complementary base pairing?

<p>The way in which nitrogenous bases in DNA pair with each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Gram stain do?

<p>A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. Gram positive = purple stain and gram negative = pink stain as the cell wall is thinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is turgor?

<p>Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells?

<p>Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf. The chloroplasts are able to absorb a large about of light for photosynthesis as they are able to move around in the cytoplasm. These cells are closely packed together to form a continuous layer to help protect the cell and keep it rigid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of root hair cells?

<p>This is the cell in the root that absorbs nutrients from the soil. It has a large surface area and contains cell sap with a low water potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is water potential?

<p>The likelihood of water molecules to diffuse into or out of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sperm cells?

<p>Male gametes. Contains an acrosomes, head, neck, middle piece, mitochondrion, undulipodium and plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acrosome?

<p>Contains digestive enzymes that are released when the sperm meets the egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

<p>The outer protective layer of the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corona radiata?

<p>Supplies proteins needed by the fertilised egg cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of red blood cells?

<p>Biconcave shape to increase surface area. Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells. They are flexible so that they can squeeze through narrow blood capillaries. They have no nucleus to increase space for the haemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of haemoglobin?

<p>Protein molecule in the blood responsible for carrying oxygen around the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic cell

A cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Magnification

The number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object.

1665

Robert Hooke first described cells.

1674-1683

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe bacteria and protoctista from pond water samples, after developing powerful glass lenses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

1860

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that bacteria will only grow in sterile nutrient broth after it has been exposed to air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Resolution

The ability to distinguish between objects that are close together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, aerobic respiration takes place here.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nanometer (nm)

One millionth of a millimetre

Signup and view all the flashcards

Micrometer (um)

One thousandth of a mm

Signup and view all the flashcards

Magnification equation

Image size/actual size

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

plasma membrane

composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with proteins embedded in the layer. It is selectively permeable and regulates the transport of materials into and out of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytoplasm

A thick, gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid, which maintains cell shape and stores chemicals for metabolism.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes and RNA

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes. Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Creates lipids or and carbohydrates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vesicle

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribosomes

They are not surrounded by a membrane. Site of protein synthesis

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondria

Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded. They are the final site of the stages of cellular respiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrioles

Form spindle fibers during cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exocytosis

Release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

cell wall

A rigid structure of a plant cell, that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. Forming a sieve-like network.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vacuole

Membrane-bound sac in a plant cell that buds in cytoplasm that contains cell sap. The cells framework.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tonoplast

Membrane enclosing the central vacuole in a plant cell that is particularly permeable to allow small particles to pass through.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amyloplasts

Double membrane-bound colourless plastids that store starch in a plant cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasmodesmata

Microscopic channels which cross the cell walls of plant cells to enable transport and communication between cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pits

Pores that allow water movement through cell wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material in cells

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capsule

Slippery layer outside the cell wall of some species of bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleoid

An irregularly shaped region in prokaryotic cells that holds nuclear material without a nuclear membrane and where the genetic material is localised. The DNA forms one circular chromosome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasmid

Small loops of DNA

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complementary base pairing

The way in which nitrogenous bases in DNA pair with each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule with long chains of nucleotides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gram stain

A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. Gram positive = purple stain and gram negative = pink stain as the cell wall is thinner.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Turgor

Pressure that a fluid exerts against a structure that contains it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Observation Milestones

  • 1665: Robert Hooke described cells.
  • 1674-1683: Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and protoctista.
  • 1860: Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation.

Cell Structure & Function

  • Organelle: A specialized structure within a eukaryotic cell performing specific functions.
  • Nucleus: Control center of eukaryotic cells, containing DNA and RNA.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of cells; site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant and algal cells.
  • Plasma membrane: Selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer; regulates cellular transport.
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid filling the cell; maintains shape and stores chemicals.
  • Nucleolus: Inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes and RNA.
  • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and transports proteins.
  • Smooth ER: Creates lipids and carbohydrates.
  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins for export.
  • Vesicle: Membrane-bound sac for cellular transport.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.
  • Ribosomes: Non-membrane-bound structures; site of protein synthesis.
  • Centrioles: Involved in cell division.
  • Exocytosis: Release of substances from a cell via vesicle fusion.
  • Cell Wall (plant cells): Rigid structure providing support; sieve-like network.
  • Vacuole (plant cells): Membrane-bound sac containing cell sap, maintaining cell framework.
  • Tonoplast: Membrane surrounding the central vacuole (plant cells) with controlled permeability.
  • Amyloplasts: Store starch in plant cells.
  • Plasmodesmata: Channels connecting plant cells for transport and communication.
  • Pits: Pores in cell walls allowing water movement.

Prokaryotic Structure

  • Capsule: Slimy layer outside the cell wall (some bacteria).
  • Nucleoid: Region in prokaryotic cells containing DNA without a nucleus membrane.
  • Plasmid: Small loop of DNA in prokaryotic cells.

DNA & RNA

  • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; hereditary material.
  • RNA: Ribonucleic acid; molecule with nucleotide chains.

Staining Methods

  • Gram stain: Differentiates between Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink) bacterial cell walls.

Cell Processes

  • Magnification: The number of times larger an image is compared to real size.
  • Resolution: The ability to distinguish between close objects.
  • Magnification equation: Image size/actual size
  • Turgor: Pressure exerted by a fluid inside a structure.
  • Water potential: Likelihood of water molecules diffusing into or out of a solution.

Specialized Plant Cells

  • Palisade mesophyll: Column-shaped cells in leaves with high chlorophyll concentration; maximizes photosynthesis.
  • Root hair cell: Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil; large surface area.

Animal Cells

  • Sperm cells: Male gametes; include acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail.
  • Egg cells: Female gametes; include zona pellucida, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
  • Red blood cells: Biconcave shape, carry oxygen; lack a nucleus.
  • White blood cells: Fight infection.
  • Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces.
  • Squamous epithelial: Single-layered cells forming the epidermis.
  • Ciliated columnar epithelium: Moves debris with cilia.
  • Endothelial tissue: Lines blood and lymph vessels.
  • Lumen: Space within a tube or organ.
  • Artery: Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
  • Muscle tissue: Contracts to move body parts.
  • Skeletal muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle for body movement; contains sarcolemma and myofibrils.
  • Slow-twitch muscle fibers: Endurance; utilize aerobic respiration.
  • Fast-twitch muscle fibers: Speed and strength; fatigue quickly.
  • ATP: Energy source for cells.
  • Aerobic respiration: Respiration requiring oxygen.
  • Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules using water.
  • Glycogen: Glucose storage form.
  • Anaerobic respiration: Respiration without oxygen.

Nervous Tissue

  • Nervous tissue: Transmits nerve impulses.
  • CNS: Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
  • Neurons: Individual nerve cells.
  • Dendrites: Receive information.
  • Axon: Carries impulses away from the cell body.
  • Schwann cells: Form myelin sheaths.
  • Myelin sheath: Insulates axons; speeds up nerve impulses.
  • Node of Ranvier: Gaps in myelin sheath.
  • Axon terminal: End of axon, releases neurotransmitters.
  • Resting potential: Electrical charge across a resting neuron membrane.
  • Action potential: Nerve impulse; rapid change in electrical charge.
  • mV: Millivolts; unit of potential difference.
  • EEG: Electroencephalogram; measures brainwave activity.
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers.
  • Synaptic cleft: Gap between neurons.

Diseases & Drugs

  • Alzheimer's disease: Progressive brain disorder affecting memory.
  • Clinical depression: Mental disorder characterized by sustained sadness.
  • MDMA (Ecstasy): Synthetic drug with stimulant and psychedelic effects.
  • SSRIs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, e.g. Prozac.
  • Atherosclerosis: Buildup of fatty material in artery walls.
  • Atherosclerosis risk factors: Nicotine, diet, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, stress, sedentary lifestyle.
  • Parkinson's disease: Neurological disorder affecting movement.
  • L-dopa: Precursor to dopamine; crosses blood-brain barrier.
  • Action potential propagation: Transmission of the action potential down the axon, influence of diameter and myelin sheath.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with this quiz. Learn about cell structures, their functions, and historic milestones in cell observation. This quiz is perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of cellular biology.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser