Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

  • Lipid metabolism
  • Protein synthesis
  • Calcium storage
  • Energy production (correct)

    • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.

    False (B)

    What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain?

    Hydrolytic enzymes

    The plasma membrane is composed primarily of __________.

    <p>phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular structures with their functions:

    <p>Endoplasmic Reticulum = Calcium storage and lipid metabolism Mitochondria = Energy production Lysosomes = Digestion of biomolecules Plasma Membrane = Barrier and communication with the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is classified as a prokaryote?

    <p>Bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All eukaryotic cells contain a cell wall.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>To synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

    <p>Scattered in the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their respective cell types:

    <p>Cell Wall = Prokaryotic cell Mitochondria = Eukaryotic cell Nucleus = Eukaryotic cell Nucleoid = Prokaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiration in prokaryotes occurs through mitochondria.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the prokaryotic cell wall?

    <p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Locomotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fimbriae are primarily used for locomotion in prokaryotic cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>It separates the cell from the outside environment and regulates the exchange of substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The region in the cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is present is called the ______.

    <p>Nucleoid Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures to their functions:

    <p>Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Peptidoglycan = Structural support for prokaryotes Golgi Apparatus = Formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids Cell Wall = Provides shape and support to plant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Locomotion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one main component present in the cell wall of plant cells.

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells are generally smaller than prokaryotic cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Eukaryotic cell

    A complex cell with a nucleus. DNA is enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.

    Prokaryotic cell

    A single-celled organism without a nucleus. DNA is not contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

    Prokaryotic DNA

    Genetic material not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus; found in the nucleoid region.

    Eukaryotic DNA

    Genetic material enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.

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    Cell wall (prokaryotic)

    The outermost layer of a prokaryotic cell, providing shape and protection.

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    Cell membrane

    A thin layer surrounding the cytoplasm, controlling the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

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    Cytoplasm

    The jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, containing various organelles and cellular components.

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    Ribosomes

    Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

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    Prokaryotic Cell Size

    Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm in diameter, compared to 10 to 100 μm for eukaryotes.

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    Prokaryotic Cell Wall

    A rigid structure made of peptidoglycan, providing protection, shape, and preventing dehydration.

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    Prokaryotic Flagella

    Whip-like structures used for cell movement.

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    Prokaryotic Plasmids

    Non-chromosomal DNA structures not involved in reproduction, containing extra genetic material.

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    Eukaryotic Plasma Membrane

    Separates the cell from its environment, containing protein channels for substance exchange.

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    Eukaryotic Cell Wall (plant cells)

    Rigid structure composed of cellulose, involved in providing shape and cell-cell interaction.

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    Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton

    Internal structure made up of filaments that maintain cell shape and movement.

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    Endoplasmic Reticulum

    A network of interconnected membranes in cells involved in various functions like calcium storage, protein synthesis, and lipid metabolism.

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    Rough ER

    A type of Endoplasmic Reticulum that contains ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.

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    Smooth ER

    A type of Endoplasmic Reticulum that lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelles known as the 'powerhouses of cells' because they generate energy through cellular respiration.

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    Study Notes

    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotes are organisms, single-celled or multicellular, possessing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Prokaryotes are typically smaller (0.1-5 µm) than eukaryotes (10-100 µm).
    • Prokaryotic DNA is circular and located in a nucleoid region.
    • Eukaryotic DNA is linear and located within a nucleus.

    Prokaryotic Cell Structure

    • Cell Wall: The outermost layer, providing shape and protection (peptidoglycan).
    • Plasma Membrane: Encloses the cell, regulating substance passage.
    • Nucleoid: Region containing chromosomal DNA.
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
    • Capsule: Outer protective layer, aiding attachment and preventing dehydration.
    • Fimbriae: Hair-like structures aiding attachment.
    • Flagella: Whip-like structures aiding cell movement.
    • Pili: Hair-like structures (often involved in DNA transfer, reproduction).
    • Mesosomes: Invaginations of the plasma membrane.
    • Plasmids: Non-chromosomal DNA structures.

    Eukaryotic Cell Structure

    • Nucleus: Houses the genetic material (DNA).
    • Plasma membrane: Encloses the cell.
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network of membranes.
      • Rough ER: Ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis.
      • Smooth ER: No ribosomes, roles in lipid synthesis.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
    • Mitochondria: Double-membrane organelle generating energy (ATP) via cellular respiration.
    • Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibres, provides shape and facilitates movement.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.

    DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotic DNA: Circular, single chromosome, located in the nucleoid region; not bound by histones proteins.
    • Eukaryotic DNA: Linear, multiple chromosomes, located in the nucleus, wound around histone proteins.

    Cellular Reproduction

    • Prokaryotes: Binary Fission (simple cell division, producing two identical daughter cells).
    • Eukaryotes: Mitosis and Meiosis (complex processes leading to cell division).
      • Mitosis: Asexual, producing two identical daughter cells.
      • Meiosis: Sexual reproduction, producing gametes (sperm or egg), reducing the chromosome number by half.

    Respiration

    • Prokaryotes: Respiration occurs through the plasma membrane.
    • Eukaryotes: Respiration mainly occurs within mitochondria.

    Other Key Differences

    • Organelles: Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes possess them.
    • Ribosomes: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotic ribosomes (80S)
    • Cell wall: Many prokaryotes have a cell wall (peptidoglycan). Plant cells have a cell wall (cellulose).
    • Genetic material structure: Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome; eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes.
    • Chromosome complexity: Prokaryotic DNA is simple; eukaryotic DNA is complex and associated with proteins.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in this quiz. Learn about their structures, functions, and DNA organization. Discover how these two cell types contribute to the diversity of life.

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