Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Comparison
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

  • Complex system of organelles
  • Larger size compared to eukaryotic cells
  • Presence of a nuclear membrane
  • Absence of mitochondria (correct)
  • Which of the following sizes is typical for clinically relevant bacterial species?

  • 0.1 to 0.25μm in length
  • 1 to 5μm in width
  • 0.25 to 1μm in width (correct)
  • 5 to 10μm in length
  • What is the primary component of bacterial cell walls that leads to differences in Gram staining?

  • Glycocalyx presence
  • Protein structure
  • Chemical composition of the cell wall (correct)
  • Cell membrane composition
  • What term describes the arrangement of bacteria based on their shapes and sizes?

    <p>Morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bacterial structures is not typically found in animal cells?

    <p>Pili and fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement mechanism do spirochetes utilize compared to typical bacteria?

    <p>Rotary action at the flagella base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the size of bacteria generally compare to that of viruses and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Smaller than eukaryotic cells but larger than viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the organized capsule or slime layer in bacterial cells?

    <p>Glycocalyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is described as tapered with pointed ends?

    <p>Fusiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial arrangement describes cells organized in chains?

    <p>Chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the gram-positive cell wall is correct?

    <p>It contains a very thick peptidoglycan layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is characterized by having no defined shape?

    <p>Pleomorphic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that forms the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the subunits that make up the peptidoglycan structure in gram-positive bacteria?

    <p>N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and N-acetyl-d-muramic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacterial arrangements resembles grape-like clusters?

    <p>Clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial morphology best describes a helical, corkscrew-like shape?

    <p>Spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Circular chromosomal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size range of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>0.4-2 pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is generally absent in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial cells typically reproduce by which process?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes bacterial cell wall composition?

    <p>Peptidoglycan in most bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arrangement pattern can bacterial organisms exhibit?

    <p>Chains or clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>They are 70 S in size, consisting of 50 S and 30 S subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Contains circular DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacterial cell walls differ from those of plants?

    <p>Bacterial walls contain peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature is unique to eukaryotic cells when compared to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes bacterial plasmids?

    <p>Small circular DNA that can confer antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of metabolism, how do prokaryotes and eukaryotes primarily differ?

    <p>Both use the same types of chemical reactions for metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes

    • Similarities: Contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
    • Similarities: Use the same kinds of chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store energy
    • Differences: Structure of cell walls and membranes, and the absence of organelles (specialized cellular structures that have specific functions)

    Chief Distinguishing Characteristics of Eukaryotes

    • DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane, and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes
    • DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with non-histone proteins
    • Have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles
    • Cell walls, when present, are chemically simple
    • Cell division usually involves mitosis

    Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Cell Organization

    • Prokaryote:
      • Typical size: 0.4-2 µm in diameter, 0.5-5 µm in length
      • Nucleus: No nuclear membrane; nucleoid region of the cytosol
      • Genome location: In the nucleoid, at the mesosome
      • Chromosomal DNA: Circular, complexed with RNA
      • Genome: Plasmids, small circular molecule of DNA -containing accessory information; most commonly found in gram-negative bacteria; each carries genes for its own replication; can confer resistance to antibiotics
      • Reproduction: Asexual (binary fission)
      • Membrane-bound organelles: Absent
      • Golgi bodies: Absent in all
      • Lysosomes: Absent in all
      • Endoplasmic reticulum: Absent in all
      • Mitochondria: Absent in all
      • Nucleus: Absent in all
      • Chloroplasts: Absent in all
      • Ribosomes: Present in all
      • Ribosome size: 70 S in size, consisting of 50 S and 30 S subunits
      • Electron transport: In the cell membrane if present; no mitochondria present
      • Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane: Absent except in Mycoplasma spp
      • Plasma membrane: Lacks carbohydrates
      • Cell wall: Peptidoglycan in most bacteria
    • Eukaryote:
      • Typical size: 10-100 µm in diameter, >10 µm in length
      • Nucleus: Classic membrane-bound nucleus
      • Genome location: In the nucleus
      • Chromosomal DNA: Linear, complexed with basic histones and other proteins
      • Genome: In mitochondria and chloroplasts
      • Reproduction: Sexual and asexual
      • Membrane-bound organelles: Present in all
      • Golgi bodies: Present in some
      • Lysosomes: Present in some; contain hydrolytic enzymes
      • Endoplasmic reticulum: Present in all; lipid synthesis, transport
      • Mitochondria: Present in most
      • Nucleus: Present in all
      • Chloroplasts: Present in algae and plants
      • Ribosomes: Present in all
      • Ribosome size: 80 S in size, consisting of 60 S and 40 S subunits
      • Electron transport: In the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts
      • Sterols in cytoplasmic membrane: Present
      • Plasma membrane: Contains glycolipids and glycoproteins
      • Cell wall: Cellulose, phenolic polymers, lignin (plants)

    Bacterial Morphology

    • Bacteria can vary in size, morphology, and cell-to-cell arrangements
    • Bacteria can vary in the chemical composition and structure of their cell walls
    • Bacterial cell wall differences provide the basis for the Gram stain
    • Common Bacterial Shapes:
      • Cocci: Circular
      • Coccobacilli: Ovoid
      • Bacillus: Rod-shaped
      • Fusiform: Tapered, pointed ends
      • Curved
      • Spiral: Helical, like corkscrew
      • Spirochetes: Vary in length and in the number of helical turns (not all helical bacteria are called spirochetes)
      • Pleomorphic: No defined shape

    Bacterial Arrangement

    • Pairs
    • Chains
    • Grape-like clusters
    • Group of four
    • Packets of eight
    • Palisades
    • Chinese characters

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    Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It covers characteristics such as cell structure, organization, genetic material, and metabolic processes. Test your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental biological concepts.

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