Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of Project Quality Management (PQM)?
What is the primary purpose of Project Quality Management (PQM)?
Which of these is NOT typically considered a deliverable in a project?
Which of these is NOT typically considered a deliverable in a project?
What aspect of Scientific Management focuses on production efficiency?
What aspect of Scientific Management focuses on production efficiency?
Which TQM Guru is known for the Quality Trilogy?
Which TQM Guru is known for the Quality Trilogy?
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How does the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) categorize organizations?
How does the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) categorize organizations?
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What characterizes an immature software organization?
What characterizes an immature software organization?
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Which statement best defines process maturity?
Which statement best defines process maturity?
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Which TQM approach emphasizes management's role in setting quality examples?
Which TQM approach emphasizes management's role in setting quality examples?
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What is the main focus of a customer-driven quality assurance plan?
What is the main focus of a customer-driven quality assurance plan?
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Which of the following delivery items is central to the project process?
Which of the following delivery items is central to the project process?
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What impact did Deming and Juran have on post-WWII Japan?
What impact did Deming and Juran have on post-WWII Japan?
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What is the primary goal of Risk Management within project processes?
What is the primary goal of Risk Management within project processes?
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What distinguishes process capability from process performance?
What distinguishes process capability from process performance?
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Which of the following is a rule of thumb common in Scientific Management?
Which of the following is a rule of thumb common in Scientific Management?
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What is the primary focus of defining quality in project quality management?
What is the primary focus of defining quality in project quality management?
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What does grade in project quality management primarily relate to?
What does grade in project quality management primarily relate to?
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What is included in the project quality plan?
What is included in the project quality plan?
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What is the role of quality assurance in project quality management?
What is the role of quality assurance in project quality management?
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In project quality management, which factor is considered when determining acceptable standards?
In project quality management, which factor is considered when determining acceptable standards?
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Why is it important to document lessons learned in project quality management?
Why is it important to document lessons learned in project quality management?
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What is one aspect of project quality planning?
What is one aspect of project quality planning?
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Which of the following defines the term 'fitness for use' in the context of quality?
Which of the following defines the term 'fitness for use' in the context of quality?
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What is the main focus of verification activities?
What is the main focus of verification activities?
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Which type of review ensures that an IT solution conforms to specified requirements?
Which type of review ensures that an IT solution conforms to specified requirements?
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What does a management review primarily compare?
What does a management review primarily compare?
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Which approach is not used for testing in validation?
Which approach is not used for testing in validation?
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Control limits in control charts are typically set at what standard deviation?
Control limits in control charts are typically set at what standard deviation?
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What type of variation is attributed to normal interactions among process components?
What type of variation is attributed to normal interactions among process components?
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What does a Pareto chart identify in relation to causes of problems?
What does a Pareto chart identify in relation to causes of problems?
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Which diagram is used for analyzing the causes of poor quality?
Which diagram is used for analyzing the causes of poor quality?
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In statistical control, if all observations fall within control limits, what does it indicate?
In statistical control, if all observations fall within control limits, what does it indicate?
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What tool can help visualize a process and identify potential bottlenecks?
What tool can help visualize a process and identify potential bottlenecks?
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What is one condition that indicates a process may be out of statistical control?
What is one condition that indicates a process may be out of statistical control?
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What is the primary purpose of Quality Control?
What is the primary purpose of Quality Control?
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Which of the following is not a type of testing used in validation?
Which of the following is not a type of testing used in validation?
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Which level of the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) is characterized by an immature organization and ad hoc project processes?
Which level of the Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) is characterized by an immature organization and ad hoc project processes?
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What is the primary focus of Level 5: Optimizing in the CMMI framework?
What is the primary focus of Level 5: Optimizing in the CMMI framework?
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Which of the following is NOT a key process area in Level 2: Repeatable of CMMI?
Which of the following is NOT a key process area in Level 2: Repeatable of CMMI?
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Which dimension of software quality refers to the application's ability to meet the specified requirements?
Which dimension of software quality refers to the application's ability to meet the specified requirements?
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What does a Project Quality Management Plan describe?
What does a Project Quality Management Plan describe?
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What is a primary purpose of metrics in software quality management?
What is a primary purpose of metrics in software quality management?
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What type of metrics are meant to measure the intrinsic quality of project deliverables?
What type of metrics are meant to measure the intrinsic quality of project deliverables?
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In project quality management, what type of non-conformance action should be taken?
In project quality management, what type of non-conformance action should be taken?
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Which aspect of quality emphasizes the need for continuous process improvement?
Which aspect of quality emphasizes the need for continuous process improvement?
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What are verification and validation activities meant to ensure?
What are verification and validation activities meant to ensure?
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Which of the following qualities does the term 'defect' refer to in software development?
Which of the following qualities does the term 'defect' refer to in software development?
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Which level in CMMI introduces policies for software configuration and quality assurance?
Which level in CMMI introduces policies for software configuration and quality assurance?
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Which of the following is a key process area in Level 4: Managed?
Which of the following is a key process area in Level 4: Managed?
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What aspect of quality standards ensures that products meet their intended purpose?
What aspect of quality standards ensures that products meet their intended purpose?
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Study Notes
Project Quality Management (PQM)
- Quality is defined as "fitness for use" (meeting customer needs) and "conformance to requirements" (meeting predefined standards).
- Quality is integrated throughout the systems development life cycle, focusing on fulfilling requirements.
- Dependability and safety are important quality aspects alongside features and functionality.
- Project teams must collaborate with customers to define acceptable quality standards.
- Products can be highly functional (high grade) but low quality if performance is poor, and vice versa.
- Grade focuses on the intent of a design.
- PQM involves processes that determine quality policies, objectives, and responsibilities to meet project needs.
- Quality standards are defined in terms of grade and quality tolerances.
- Project Quality Planning determines crucial quality requirements and documents how compliance will be demonstrated.
- Quality Management Planning should allocate sufficient time and budget for testing to ensure the correct product/system is built.
- A Quality Management Plan documents quality standards, processes, metrics, and methods for measuring quality.
- Quality Assurance involves audits to ensure adherence to the quality management plan, and collection/analysis of quality control metrics.
- Lessons learned are documented for continuous improvement.
- PQM includes both project products (deliverables) and processes.
Project Deliverables
- Business Case
- Project Plan
- IT Solution
Project Processes
- Scope Management
- Risk Management
- Requirements Analysis
- Design
- Implementation
Scientific Management (Taylorism)
- Workers produce a set amount each day.
- Aims to increase production efficiency.
- Often ignores human factors.
- May lead to higher profits through increased worker speed, and thus often is seen as dehumanizing towards workers, leading to the establishment of labor unions.
- Breaks tasks into smaller, more efficient subtasks.
Total Quality Management (TQM) Gurus
- W. Edwards Deming: Developed 14 points for quality management. Interested in applying statistical theory for data-driven decision-making. Saw value in reducing costly inspections by empowering workers to oversee the quality of their products.
- Joseph Juran: Introduced the Quality Trilogy - Quality Planning, Quality Improvement, and Quality Control.
- Philip Crosby: Advocated a top-down approach where management sets the quality example. Quality as conformance to requirements based on customer needs.
Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI)
- A model to develop and refine software development processes, with an evolutionary path through five increasingly mature stages.
CMMI Concepts
- Process: Activities, methods, and practices to build/maintain products, including project plans, design documents, etc.
- Process Capability: Expected results using a given process. Predicts outcomes for future projects.
- Process Performance: Actual results from following a particular process. Can be compared to expected capability.
- Process Maturity: Extent a process is clearly defined, managed, and consistently used. Immature organizations react to crises; mature organizations use disciplined processes.
- Project Success: Determined by project team and appropriate processes.
Capability Maturity Model Integrated (CMMI) Levels
- Level 1: Initial - Ad hoc, reactive, success dependent on people.
- Level 2: Repeatable - Basic policies and processes to repeat past project successes. (Key Process Areas: Configuration Management, Quality Assurance, Subcontract Management, Tracking & Oversight, Planning, Requirements Management)
- Level 3: Defined - Documented and standardized processes throughout the organization. (Key Process Areas: Peer Reviews, Intergroup Coordination, Product Engineering, Integrated Management, Training, Organization Process Definition, Organization Process Focus)
- Level 4: Managed - Quantifiable, predictable metrics for products and processes. (Key Process Areas: Quality Management, Quantitative Process Management)
- Level 5: Optimizing - Focus on continuous improvement in project and organizational processes. (Key Process Areas: Process Change Management, Technology Change Management, Defect Prevention)
Project Quality Management Plan
- Supports building better products by outlining quality standards and methods for achieving them.
- Addresses deliverables and work processes to ensure quality standards.
- Covers building products that meet standards, performing processes efficiently, and addressing non-conformances.
- Quality is everyone's responsibility and focuses on customer satisfaction, prevention, process improvement, and fact-based management.
Quality Standards, Processes, and Metrics
- Standards: Agreements/rules defining criteria for products, services, processes, and materials. Provide bases for measurement.
- Process Metrics: Measure defects introduced during product creation. (e.g., defect arrival rate, fix response time)
- Product Metrics: Describe quality characteristics of deliverables. (e.g., Mean Time To Failure, Defect Density)
- Project Metrics: Gauge process control for meeting "fitness for use" (e.g., Scope change requests, overdue tasks)
Quality Assurance
- Basis for continuous improvement by evaluating quality control results.
- Testing ensures the product's functionalities.
Quality Control
- Monitors and documents quality activities to improve projects.
- Control Charts: Visual tools for process behavior over time.
- Centerline represents the average.
- Control Limits provide variability measures at ±3σ (standard deviations).
- Statistical Control: Variation is random within predictable bounds; all within control limits.
- Out of Statistical Control: Variation is nonrandom, follows patterns outside control limits.
Quality Control Tools
- Cause-and-Effect (Ishikawa) Diagrams: Analyze causes of poor quality.
- Pareto Charts: Rank-ordering problem causes for effective solutions
- Flow Charts (Process Maps): Visual representation of processes for understanding and identifying problems or bottlenecks in project work flow.
Verification & Validation
- Verification: Process-focused, ensures products meet specified requirements before testing. Reviews include technical, business, and management reviews (to assess solution, functionality, and progress).
- Validation: Product-focused, assesses if products meet customer expectations. Testing (unit, integration, system, acceptance) supports validation.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in Project Quality Management, focusing on the definitions of quality and grade, the importance of customer collaboration, and the significance of quality throughout the project lifecycle. Understand how quality policies and planning impact project success and how to establish standards that ensure dependability and safety.
