Project Management Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a key factor in encouraging organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among employees?

  • Perception of organizational support (correct)
  • Increased workload
  • Higher salaries
  • Strict supervision
  • Which leadership style is most associated with fostering OCB?

  • Transactional leadership
  • Transformational leadership (correct)
  • Laissez-faire leadership
  • Autocratic leadership
  • According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which need comes after physiological needs are met?

  • Belongingness needs (correct)
  • Safety needs
  • Self-actualization
  • Esteem needs
  • What are the three key ingredients that shape a manager's style of management?

    <p>Character, knowledge, and experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intrinsic motivation play in OCB?

    <p>It motivates employees to exceed job expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transformational leadership?

    <p>Micro-management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of graphical reporting in project management?

    <p>It simplifies the evaluation of manpower accomplishments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following identifies a weakness in project supervision coverage?

    <p>Craft peaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does celebrating OCB in an organization affect employees?

    <p>It boosts their intrinsic motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does maintaining a progress chart serve in project management?

    <p>To allow for modifications in case of unknown contingencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome for employees who feel a sense of belonging in their organization?

    <p>They tend to show increased OCB (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest need in Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Self-actualization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often is a field man-hour report submitted?

    <p>Monthly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of discussing and reviewing construction problems?

    <p>Alternative solutions can be reviewed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of project management does tight supervision help minimize?

    <p>Budget overruns and inefficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a planning program to accommodate modifications?

    <p>To account for unknown contingencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of a leader regarding their staff?

    <p>To motivate staff to share ideas and collaborate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is essential for effectiveness in architecture?

    <p>Collaboration with various stakeholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Harrigan and Neel (1996) identify as a primary objective of architects in leadership?

    <p>To find opportunities and assess client challenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trait is emphasized for leaders when managing teams?

    <p>Humility and open-mindedness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can team members maximize their contributions according to the content?

    <p>By having genuine contact and collaboration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is highlighted as effective for problem-solving and conflict resolution among architects?

    <p>The charrette method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary trends in upcoming leadership mentioned in the content?

    <p>New metrics, evolving modes, and changing expectations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do architects typically develop their leadership skills?

    <p>Through assigned jobs and mentorship experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key trait of effective leadership mentioned in the context?

    <p>Communication and Trust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) qualities be aligned?

    <p>They should connect with company goals and values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside of over-regulating OCBs in the workplace?

    <p>It removes the voluntary nature of OCBs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leadership approach is highlighted in the context of architectural leadership?

    <p>Focus on Organizational Processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a principle conveyed by OCBs?

    <p>They indicate employee productivity and engagement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of fostering a culture of OCBs within an organization?

    <p>It enhances employee recruitment and retention strategies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do leadership styles impact organizational culture?

    <p>They define how decisions are made and how employees behave. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quality of OCB is NOT mentioned in the context?

    <p>Resilience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of bounded rationality in decision-making?

    <p>Limitations on decision-making due to costs, time, technology, and available information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an element of the decision process?

    <p>Make a final decision without considering alternatives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sub-optimism refer to in a departmental context?

    <p>Departments optimizing solutions for their own needs, which may not align with organizational goals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect time consumption in planning?

    <p>Creating elaborate task management systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of discipline emphasizes the importance of fairness and consistency?

    <p>Ensure fairness and consistency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in budgeting time effectively?

    <p>Time management. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In effective managerial practices, how should tasks be handled?

    <p>By prioritizing and handling tasks one at a time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before making compromises during decision-making?

    <p>The right solution based on thorough analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the project chart?

    <p>To compare planned progress to actual progress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial first step the project engineer must take to prepare the chart?

    <p>Identify major activities required for the project. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the project chart help in avoiding project delays?

    <p>By providing a clear guideline to prevent design changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be created to assist in the procurement of construction materials?

    <p>A purchasing program based on priority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a variable rate cost in construction?

    <p>The average rate calculated between two extremes of construction operations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is early notification important for subcontractors?

    <p>To ensure they understand project expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is included in preparing the budget for a construction project?

    <p>Individual department budget proposals reviewed by a committee. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of not using the project chart effectively?

    <p>Delays and increased costs due to design changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs)

    Behaviors beyond the regular job duties: Helping colleagues, being polite, being diligent, being a team player, & participating in company activities.

    Communication and Trust

    The ability to communicate clearly and build trusting relationships with employees.

    Inspiring and Motivating

    Motivating employees to achieve goals through inspiring speeches, clear vision, and recognition.

    Strong Vision for the Future

    A clear and compelling path for the company's future, guiding decision-making and actions.

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    Problem Solving and Adaptability

    The ability to solve problems effectively and adapt to changing circumstances.

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    Leadership in Architecture Business

    Using leadership skills to guide company processes and achieve strategic goals.

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    Leadership Styles and Culture

    Leadership styles shape the company culture, influencing behavior, communication, and overall performance.

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    Organizational Culture

    A positive company culture that fosters productivity, engagement, and innovation.

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    Spotting Innovation

    The ability to recognize and encourage new ideas from others.

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    Collaboration in Architecture

    Working collaboratively with clients, engineers, designers, and other architects.

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    Fostering Idea Sharing

    A leader's role in fostering an environment where ideas are freely shared and discussed.

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    Motivating Others

    Leading by example and inspiring others to follow with enthusiasm.

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    Opportunity Assessment

    The process of identifying opportunities and addressing challenges presented by clients.

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    Importance of Teamwork

    Recognizing the value of teamwork in pooling experience and expertise.

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    Managing Change

    The ability to manage change effectively in the architectural profession.

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    Building Leadership Skills

    Experiencing leadership through assigned roles and responsibilities.

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    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    A theory proposing that humans have a hierarchical set of needs, starting with basic physiological needs like food and water and progressing to higher-level needs like self-actualization.

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    Sense of Belonging

    The feeling of belonging and being valued by a group or organization.

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    Sense of Esteem

    The feeling of being respected and appreciated for your contributions.

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    Transformational Leadership

    A leadership style focused on inspiring and motivating followers by creating a shared vision and empowering them to participate in achieving it.

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    Intrinsic Motivation

    The natural drive within individuals to perform tasks based on their own interest and fulfillment rather than external rewards.

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    Recognizing and Celebrating OCB

    Recognizing and appreciating employees for their contributions, particularly those that go above and beyond their typical work.

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    Supportive Organizational Culture

    Creating a work environment where employees feel supported, treated fairly, and valued for their work.

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    Bounded Rationality

    Limits on decision-making caused by factors like cost, time, available information, and technology.

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    Sub-Optimal

    When different departments within a company optimize their solutions for their own needs, but these solutions may not align with the overall goals of the organization.

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    Pre-Planning Stage

    A structured approach to planning and executing projects with clear objectives and defined steps.

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    Importance Of Concentration

    Organizing time effectively by prioritizing tasks and managing tasks one at a time.

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    Employee Discipline

    A systematic process to address employee behavior that deviates from organizational standards.

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    Budgeting The Time

    Time management is prioritized over task management, ensuring the completion of essential tasks.

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    4 Different Dimensions of Planning Functions

    The initial planning stages of a project, determining its scope, objectives, and critical information.

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    Factors Affecting Time Consumption

    Factors that impact the time required to complete a task, such as working with people, knowledge worker relations, and personal/work time management.

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    Workability

    The process of evaluating and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a project's work functions and activities.

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    Managerial Competence

    A type of management skill that involves a combination of character, knowledge, and experience.

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    Graphical Reporting

    A visual representation of a project plan, showing the sequence of activities and their relationships, often using charts or graphs.

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    Progress Chart

    A tool used to track the progress of a project, highlighting potential issues like budget overruns or delays.

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    Planning Program

    A structured document or plan that outlines the steps and activities needed to complete a project within a specific timeframe.

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    Progress Chart Maintenance

    A method of managing a project by regularly reviewing progress and identifying potential problems, allowing for adjustments and improvements.

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    Discussion & Review of Construction Problems

    The process of discussing and examining project challenges and potential solutions with all relevant stakeholders.

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    Flexibility in Project Plans

    The ability to adapt a project plan to unexpected circumstances or changes.

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    Project Schedule Chart

    A visual representation of planned work, which shows tasks, duration, and dependencies, helping to keep the project on track.

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    Step Budget

    A series of budgets created for different project sizes, allowing for adjustments based on the actual construction volume.

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    Variable Rate Cost

    A cost calculation based on the average rate between the project's minimum and maximum activity levels.

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    Committee Budgeting

    A method for estimating cost in different departments, involving multiple stakeholders.

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    Material Supply

    The process of obtaining the necessary materials for a construction project.

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    Purchasing Program

    A document outlining the prioritized purchase of materials for a construction project.

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    Material Quotations

    Contractors should carefully review and consider material quotes when preparing bids.

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    Subcontractor Communication

    Clear communication and coordination are essential when involving subcontractors.

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    Study Notes

    Project Management

    • Organization: A group of individuals collaborating to achieve a common goal. It aims to define tasks and responsibilities to enhance management.
    • Structural Organization Elements: Formal arrangements for coordinating activities, focusing on horizontal and vertical connections within the organization.
    • Management Functions (of a Manager): Planning, directing, organizing, and controlling tasks to achieve objectives.
    • Major Components of Organization Structure: Delegation of functions, vertical/horizontal authority relationships, communication, and decision-making processes, and use of policies/rules/guidelines.
    • Principles of Effective Organization: Setting clear objectives, thorough analysis of operational needs, simplicity, functionality, departmentalization, centralization of authority/responsibility, and span of control.

    Business Development

    • Business Development: Strategic actions taken to increase client base, boost revenue, and improve the firm's market position.
    • Key Aspects of Business Development: Market research (analyzing sectors, locations, and clients), client research (building relationships), branding/marketing (creating brand identity, using social media), and proposal/bid management (responding to RFPs, securing projects)
    • Business Development Mistakes: Not focusing on clients, failing to identify most profitable clients, talking too much and not listening.
    • Business Model: The architecture firm's framework defining its operations and approach to achieving its goals.

    Organizational Management in Architectural Firms

    • Organizational Management: Planning, coordinating, and overseeing elements to achieve goals, involving resource management and efficient operation of the firm.
    • Types of Firms: Sole Proprietorship (a single owner), Partnership (two or more owners), and Firm Structure in terms of rank and function.
    • Leadership Styles: Autocratic (compliance from followers), Democratic (collaborative decision-making,) Laissez-faire (hands-off approach), and Transformational (inspiriting employees toward meaningful outcomes).
    • Leadership Impact: Shape the organizational culture, impacting organizational behaviors, communication, and decision-making processes and overall firm performance.

    Construction Management

    • Management: Key driver in the successful company. Aims to define responsibilities and efficiently manage tasks to accomplish company goals.
    • Organization: Structured organization to promote efficient management and better coordination of roles and responsibilities.
    • Key Elements of Organization Structure: Distribution of functions, vertical and horizontal relationships, communication, policies decisions and rules established.

    Time Management

    • Time Management: Prioritizing tasks, effectively planning, and efficiently using time to meet deadlines.
    • Sub-Optimism: Departments may prioritize solutions that benefit them over overriding organizational needs.
    • Bounded Rationality: Limitations in decision making due to costs, time, technology, and available information.

    Planning and Scheduling

    • Planning: Defining company goals, strategies to achieve objectives, and timelines to satisfy those objectives.
    • Project Management: The central figure in a project with accountability for success/failure, responsible for planning, coordinating, controlling, and completing the project.
    • Construction Projects: Establish project goals, identify tasks, estimate required resources (time, materials, budget) and monitor project progress.
    • Management Competencies: Characteristics, knowledge, and experience that mold the managerial style to effectively achieve competency in management.

    Project Management Techniques

    • PERT/CPM: Techniques for planning, scheduling, and controlling large projects using network diagrams, to structure tasks and improve efficiency.

    Motivational Theories

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Individuals are motivated by a hierarchy, starting with basic needs (physiological, safety) and progressing to higher levels (belonging, esteem, self-actualization).
    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Motivators (intrinsic factors like achievement) and hygiene factors (extrinsic factors) influence motivation differently.
    • Transformational Leadership: Encouraging employees to be inspired through a compelling vision of the future to reach organizational goals.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts and principles of project management, focusing on organizational structures and management functions. Explore the essential components that contribute to effective organization and business development strategies. Test your understanding of how to coordinate activities to achieve common goals.

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