Project and Programme Management
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes a project from a process?

  • A project can address issues that are not clearly defined.
  • A project has a clear beginning and end. (correct)
  • A process produces tangible outputs.
  • A project is an ongoing process without a defined end.

Which of the following best describes an output in project management?

  • A tangible result produced or delivered. (correct)
  • A set of actions leading to goal clarification.
  • A temporary organization set up to achieve a goal.
  • A collection of activities aimed at achieving objectives.

What is a characteristic of a programme in project management?

  • It is temporary and aims to deliver one specific output.
  • It is focused solely on routine tasks.
  • It has no binding agreements for due dates.
  • It consists of multiple projects aiming to achieve one or more objectives. (correct)

Which situation warrants the use of a process?

<p>The situation involves creative brainstorming and exploration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of predictability in project management from high to low?

<p>Routine, Project, Programme, Process, Improvisation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves hazard and risk identification?

<p>Change Initiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is NOT typically part of the strategic planning stage?

<p>Zone clearance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a project manager primarily fulfill?

<p>Leading the organization to deliver the project according to specified requirements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the pro-active land acquisition policy?

<p>High risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the costs in land development?

<p>Costs for building (B), Maintenance costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the active land acquisition policy, what is the municipality's major advantage?

<p>Possibility of profit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be removed to determine the net planning area?

<p>Technical green zones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in land development includes connecting buildings to essential services?

<p>Preparing for use (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of revenue in land development?

<p>Sale of prepared land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes municipal responsibility in passive land acquisition?

<p>Legal matters and planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the costs during land development compared to maintenance costs over time?

<p>Always more expensive during maintenance (A), Always cheaper in development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of preparation is involved in preparing for building land?

<p>Environmental law compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the sale of prepared land?

<p>Excludes costs of real estate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the initiation phase in a project?

<p>Finding a project leader (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT part of a project's definition phase?

<p>Defining project quality standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the project contract?

<p>To outline project scope and management strategy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is cost monitoring primarily conducted?

<p>Execution phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum level of quality that must be achieved for a project to be considered successful?

<p>Acceptable quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily evaluated in the closing phase of a project?

<p>Financial evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the risk management process during the project?

<p>To identify and mitigate potential issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point should the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) be considered complete?

<p>When activities are precise and manageable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of public participation involves providing information to help citizens understand issues?

<p>Inform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'marginal cost' in the context of public goods?

<p>The cost of producing one additional unit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of public participation in project planning?

<p>To provide a sense of ownership and inclusion among stakeholders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'abundant goods'?

<p>Goods that are affordable and widely available (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym SMART in quality criteria stand for?

<p>Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic, Timely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Project

A temporary organization with a clear start and end, aimed at producing tangible outputs. It is typically short-term and addresses complex issues.

Programme

A collection of projects that share a common goal and are interconnected. It involves a larger scope and aims to achieve specific outcomes.

Process

A set of activities that aren't clearly defined yet. It involves exploring and selecting options to achieve a goal.

Predictability

The level of predictability or certainty in a project, program, or process.

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Change Initiation

The initial stage of a project where the need for change is identified and analyzed. It includes political considerations, socioeconomic analysis, and community input.

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Strategic Planning

The stage where research, analysis, and expert consultations are performed to determine the best strategy for addressing the identified change.

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Project Consideration/Initiation

The stage where a detailed concept design is created and feasibility studies are conducted. It also involves community consultations to gather input.

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BE Process Map

A structured, systematic approach to organizing and managing project information.

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Land Development

The process of acquiring land, preparing it for construction, and selling it to developers. It includes costs for legal preparation, technical work, and infrastructure preparation.

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Pro-active Land Policy

The policy where the municipality acquires land before planning begins, aiming for a lower land value but accepting higher risk.

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Active Land Policy

The policy where the municipality acquires land during the planning process, gaining control while accepting a higher land value.

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Passive Land Policy

The policy where developers acquire the land, and the municipality handles legal matters, minimizing risk but limiting control.

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Preparing the Land

The steps taken to prepare the land for construction, including legal and technical preparations like removing obstacles and leveling the ground.

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Sale of Prepared Land

The process of selling prepared land to developers, with real estate costs not part of land development costs.

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Land Development Area

The area marked for development excluding areas not eligible for construction, like existing buildings, green areas, water reservoirs, roads, and technical zones.

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Net Planning Area

The area available for construction after excluding areas designated for green spaces, neighborhood roads, and parking, which are exclusively part of land development cost.

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Saleable Area

The area within the net planning area designated for real estate development, where developers will construct buildings and generate revenue.

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Net Planning Area (Cost Calculation)

The area where the net planning cost is calculated, considering the costs and revenue of the land development exclusively.

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Project Brief

The document that sketches the scope of the project, backgrounds, considered strategies, and an idea of the expected result. It's the first official documentation of a project.

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Project Contract

A formal agreement between the project leader and sponsor detailing project objectives, activities, management, deadlines, and quality expectations.

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Project Challenge

A challenge that is feasible, engaging, and addresses a specific need or problem.

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Project Impetus

The reason why a project is being initiated at the present time.

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Project Objective

The contribution of the project to the achievement of a larger strategic goal.

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Project Result

A clear description of the tangible result the project will deliver, showcasing what is completed once the project is done.

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Scope Demarcation

The boundaries that define what falls within the project's scope and what does not. It clarifies what the project will deliver and what it will not.

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Project Effects

The potential consequences of the project, including both positive and negative outcomes. This involves analyzing potential risks and benefits.

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Target Group (Users)

The group of people who will use or be directly impacted by the project's results. Identifying the target group is crucial for effective project planning and communication.

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Project Constraints

The limitations and constraints imposed on the project, such as available resources, deadlines, and required quality standards, which affect the project's execution.

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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

The hierarchical breakdown of the project's tasks and activities, starting with the main project result and progressing to sub-results, activities, and sub-activities.

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Project Control

A process used to track and monitor a project's performance against planned budgets, timeframes, and quality standards, ensuring project deliverables meet expectations.

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Project Cost Control

The process of planning, managing, and monitoring the project's financial resources, ensuring costs are aligned with the project's budget.

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Quality Assurance in Project Management

A strategy to ensure the project's outcomes meet a predetermined minimum quality level, avoiding project failure.

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PDCA Cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act)

A structured process involving planning, doing, checking, and acting to improve a project's quality and effectiveness.

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Study Notes

Project, Programme and Process

  • A project is a temporary, non-permanent organization aiming to produce a tangible output. It's typically short-term and has defined requirements.
  • A project manager leads the project team to deliver the output according to the specified requirements.
  • A programme is a collection of activities aimed at achieving one or more objectives. Activities are cohesive.
  • Outcomes are the results of achieving the objectives. A situation may need renewal, change, or repair.
  • A process is a set of activities to achieve clarification of a goal. Routine or improvisational tasks should not be treated as a project.
  • Predictability is characterized by routine efforts, while improvisation relates to unpredictable work. This translates into a high predictability for projects and a low predictability for improvisation.
  • Programmes are larger than projects. They contain several projects that share the same goal.

Change Initiation/Strategic Planning/Project Consideration/Design/Costing and Approval/Construction/Use and Ongoing Management/Renewal

  • Change initiation involves setting the scene, considering trends, identifying hazards/risks, and getting community input.
  • Strategic planning includes research, analysis, and specialist consultations.
  • Project consideration centers around conceptual design, feasibility (financial and otherwise), and community consultation.
  • Design involves detailed designs and consultations with the community.
  • Costing and approval involves detailed costs, document submissions, and approvals.
  • Construction focuses on building the physical form (the structure).
  • Use and ongoing management handles the building's or programme's usage and its ongoing upkeep and repairs.
  • Renewal/recovery/decommission deals with future trends, plans, and concepts for renewal and restarting processes.

Phases in a Project

  • Initiation phase: Identifying the project idea, assigning a leader, doing cost and risk analysis, and creating a project brief.
  • Definition phase: Forming a team, defining project requirements (deadlines, quality, etc.), and agreeing to a contract.
  • Execution phase: Starting up meetings, collaborating on sub-projects, and doing the core work of executing the project.
  • Closing phase: Concluding, assessing the project, and learning from it.

Project Evaluation and Lessons

  • Project contracts outline intended results, activities, and management.
  • Key elements of a good project contract include defining the project, work breakdown structure, control plan, and risk analysis.

Project Control

  • Project leaders monitor whether projects stay within budget, time limits, and quality standards.
  • Key factors in control include communication with stakeholders, managing information, and reporting on progress and costs.

Money/Cost Control

  • Cost estimates are done during the project's initiation phase, with more accurate estimates made during the definition phase.
  • Budgets are monitored during the project's execution phase.
  • Financial evaluations are undertaken at the project's closure phase for future use.

Quality

  • Acceptable quality is the minimal quality level.
  • Appropriate quality is what the sponsor expects.
  • Aspirational quality is where the team is committed and responsible, leading to better quality than expected.

Communication

  • A good project involves identifying who needs what information and how.

Risk Management

  • Risks, such as time, money, quality, organization, communication, and information, are managed during both project definition and execution.

Finance (Land Development)

  • Spatial Development defines the process of changing land use.
  • Land value is determined by use, future use expectations, and location.
  • In land development, stages include acquisition, building, preparation for use, and maintenance.
  • Land policy can be pro-active, getting the land before planning; active, municipality acquiring the land for development; or passive, where the land is acquired by developers.
  • Methods are used to determine costs related to land preparation, construction, and ongoing maintenance during land and building development.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in project and programme management, including definitions and differences between projects, programmes, and processes. It explores the role of project managers and the significance of predictability in managing projects. Test your knowledge of these critical management concepts.

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