KB6 Exam Notes PDF

KB6 Exam Notes A project is defined as a non-permanent, temporary Project, programme and process organization designed to produce an output. An output is some...

KB6 Exam Notes A project is defined as a non-permanent, temporary Project, programme and process organization designed to produce an output. An output is something tangible that we produce or deliver. A - Temporary organisations project is finite, typically short term. A project manager - Clear beginning and end leads the organization to deliver the project according - Complex issues addressed to the specified requirement. - People from different organisations - Project= o Delivers one or more tangible (can be seen) results o Binding agreements made to agree on due dates… o outputs - Programme= o Collection of activities aimed to achieve one or more objectives o Cohesion between activities o Number of project results o Situation must be renewed, changed or repaired o outcomes - Process= o Chosen if the issue is not clearly defined yet o Set of activities leading in the direction of clarification of a goal o Diverging and converging activities (exploring and selecting) - Anything that can be done in a routine or improvisation matter should not be turned into a project Predictability Routine projectprogrammeprocessimprovisation High Low - Programme is bigger than project, it consists of projects that aim to reach the same goal which is set by the programme programme project BE process map Stages: 1. Change initiation Setting the scene (political) Consideration of socio-economic trends Hazard and risk identification Community input 2. Strategic planning Research and analysis Specialist consultations Zoning… Infrastructure planning 3. Project consideration/ Initiation Conceptual design Feasibility + financial feasibility Consultation with community 4. Design Detailed design Consultations about design Redesign… Detailed construction documents 5. Costing and approval Detailed costs Submission for approval 6. Construction Building of the physical form 7. Use and ongoing management Use of the BE Maintenance and repairing 8. Renewal/ Recover/ Decommission Identification of future trends Plans and concepts for renewal Restarting a new process Phases in a project Idea or problem INITIATION PHASE Initiation phase - Someone comes up with an idea Project brief - They find a project leader DEFINITION PHASE - Cost and risk analysis is done in this phase - Project brief= formal document that sketches the scope of the Contract project, backgrounds, considered strategies and an idea of the EXECUTION PHASE result Result Definition phase CLOSING PHASE - Project leader forms a team - The team has a clear task of defining the project Evaluation - Agreements are made of deadlines, quality demands… =CONTRACT - Project start-up= meeting held where all agreements are made for the project Execution phase - Longest and most complicated part of the project - Collaborating teams responsible for sub-projects Closing phase - Project evaluation lesson learned The project contract - Documents the intended result, activities and how the project will be managed - Contract signed by project leader and sponsor - To create a good project contract time and interest is needed - Effective project contract contains the following: o Project definition: what is delivered, challenges, users… o Work breakdown structure: sub results and activities on how they will be achieved o Control plan: time, money, quality, communication… o Rist analysis: what could go wrong and how it would be managed The project definition - Elements that need to be answered: o Challenge – need to find a challenge that is feasible and one that makes people feel engaged o Impetus – why the project is taking place NOW o Objective – contribution to the achievement of a higher goal the objective is like a goal o Project result – tangible result – what is completed when the project is done, what will be seen o Scope demarcation – what falls within the project results and what does not o Effects – the consequences related to the execution of the project – risk analysis in some sense o Users – who is the target group and will it affect the other groups o Constraints – resources available, deadline, quality needed  rigid conditions o Relationship to other projects – are you confident in the project - Achieving the objectives is the responsibility of the project sponsor, while delivering the results is the responsibility of the project leader Structure the project - The activities that must be done to achieve the result  Work Breakdown Structure - Project result  sub-results activities sub-activities - Make a project schedule from the WBS - When to stop the WBS  when the activities are precise (can be budgeted and allocated to a team member), when the activity can be done in a week time, when the activity can be done in a routine manner (the activity doesn’t require new elements) Project control - Project leader checking if everything is being done within the time limit, budget and at required qualityessential control factors - How are things organised, communication with stakeholders, managing where the information about the project goes constrains - Keeping a report of how much money was spent, how far the project has come… Money - Cost control based on the phases of the project o Cost estimate – initiation phase estimate is based on previous experiences and project evaluations o Budget – definition phase more accurate o Cost monitoring – execution phase monitoring how the money is being spent and seeing if activities are on schedule o Financial evaluation – closing phase made to learn for future projects - Often 10% of the project budget is set as contingency risk analysis Quality - Acceptable quality= minimum level of quality, if not achieved the project is considered a failure - Appropriate quality= what the sponsor expects - Adding extra quality with an ambitious team and lead to budget overrun - aspirational quality= team members are committed and take responsibility - Quality criteria is set using the SMART method (specific, measurable, acceptable, realistic, timely) Communication - Identifying the role of communication - Listing the target groups  who would need to hear about each thing and then decide how it would be communicated - Activities, planning, costs and organisation how will do what and when Risk management - Risk= time, money, quality, organisation, communication, information - It is conducted during definition phase - It is repeated in the execution phase - Risk matrix  - QUALITY CONTROLL: PDCA cycle (William Edwards Deming) plan, do, act, check - Controlling quality: o Preconditions (requirements that cannot be influenced) o Functional requirements of the client (requirements for the result) o Operational requirements of the user (what should the user be able to do with it) o Design constraints (implementation requirements) The project start-up - Workshop held in the definition phase where the project team discusses important components Public good - Marginal cost= the cost added of producing one additional unit of the good - Public services that have two properties o Non-rival= one additional person can consume the good without reducing the benefit to another person after the good is produced the marginal cost is zero o Non-excludable= not reasonable to exclude a consumer who do not ây the price from consuming the good - Paying for public goods through taxes Participation - The need for public participation started in 1960s - In 1960s public participation became institutionalised the catalyst was President Lyndon B Johnson - in 1964 he announced his Great Society reform plan which had goals of ending poverty, reducing crime, abolishing inequality and improving the environment - Why is public participation important: o It provides the stakeholders with a sense of ownership and belonging o Involving the citizens will make it more likely for them to help with solutions o To provide the citizens with a voice o To promote a sense of community o Those involved experience a sense of achievement o The planning should reflect the general wishes of the citizens o Shifting the power in society to those who don’t have general/political power - Levels of participation: o Inform= provide the public with balanced information and assist them in understanding the problems and solutions (leaflets, websites, news, education talks) o Consult= get public feedback on analysis and decisions (surveys, focus groups, public meetings, questionnaires, face to face meetings) o Involve= work with the public directly through the process to ensure you are focusing on their concerns and aspirations (workshops, consultations, citizens’ panels) o Collaborate= partnering with the public on each decision being made; what are their preferred solutions o Empower= giving the final decision-making into the hands of the public - DAD method Decide, Announce and Defend - Engage, Deliberate and Decide deciding together through engagement - Analysing the stakeholders who is affected, who has influence and who has power o Most affected least affected o Most/least influence Finance - Spatial development is the integral process of developing an area - Land development concerns the process of transformation of land into building land - Development of land is usually a change of land use - What determines the land value: o The use o The future use o Expected future use o Location - Scarcity scars goods are expensive - Abundant goods are cheap - Maintenance phase starts after the liquidation (once the land development stops) - Calcs. Constructed during initiative and feasibility phase - Calcs. Executed during execution phase - Stages in land development: o Acquisition o Preparing for building (+plan development costs) o Sale of prepared land o Building (not part of costs) o Preparing for use o Maintenance (not part of costs) - Acquisition o Land policy:  Pro-active Getting the land before planning Advantage: low value of land Disadvantage: high risk  Active Municipality gets the land as part of planning process Advantage: full control of planning + possibility of profit Disadvantage: higher value of land + smaller risk  Passive Land acquired by developers Municipality has responsibility for all legal matter Advantage: no risk for municipality Disadvantage: less opportunity for control + no opportunity for profit - Preparing for building: o Preparing land:  legal preparation (environmental law)  technical: removing obstacles levelling construction roads electricity, gas and water (not part of costs) - Sale of prepared land: o Land sold to developers o Costs of real estate isn’t part of land development costs o Price of land is the major revenue in land development (price of land is determined by the real estate) - Building: o Costs not part of land development - Preparing for use: o Permanent sidewalks, bike paths… o Connecting buildings to sewerage, water, gas, electricity o Public parking o Green and playing facilities o Street furniture - Maintenance: o Not part of costs for land development o Not part of the process either o Cheap during land development=expensive for maintenance o Expensive during land development=cheap for maintenance - Calculations: o Land use  Sorting out land to see what will bring money, who will pay for what  Planning area: Need to be removed: o Unchanged objects  Land development area Needs to be removed: o Main structures o Municipal functions (green, water reservoirs) o Main roads o Hindrance zones (technical green)  Net planning area All costs and revenues of the net planning are are 100 percent part of land development o District and neighbourhood green space and water storage o District and neighbourhood roads and parking o All these costs are exclusively for land development  Saleable area: Real estate o Costs o Revenue o Balance o Phasing - Land use? o Planning area - object to be maintained (unchanged)= land development area o Land development area – main structures = net planning area o Net planning area – district/neighbourhood functions = saleable area - Land development has costs: o Acquisition o Preparing for building o Preparing for use o Plan development costs  Legal preparation  Salaries  Accommodation costs o Apportionment costs  Costs outside of land development area (infrastructure, green areas, water storage) - Revenues: o Selling of prepared land o Apportionment revenues  Functions inside the development area of which other areas also benefit (infrastructure, green areas, water storage) o Grants  EU, country, municipality… - Land value o Fixed price (a m^2 is a certain price) o Ground quotum (land price is 25% of house value) o Residual valuation (value of the real estate excluding the development costs) - Grant is not the municipal contribution