Progressivist View in Archaeology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Astronomy taught us that our Earth isn't the center of the ______ but merely one of billions of heavenly bodies.

universe

From biology we learned that we weren't specially created by God but evolved along with millions of other ______.

species

Now archaeology is demolishing another sacred belief: that human history over the past million years has been a long tale of ______.

progress

With agriculture came the gross social and sexual inequality, the disease and ______ that curse our existence.

<p>despotism</p> Signup and view all the answers

We're better off in almost every respect than people of the Middle Ages who in turn had it easier than cave dwellers, who in turn were better off than ______.

<p>apes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of us are safe from starvation and ______.

<p>predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaeologists can date the switch from gathering to farming by distinguishing remains of wild plants and animals from those of ______ ones in prehistoric garbage dumps.

<p>domesticated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The agricultural revolution began approximately _______ years ago.

<p>10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paleopathology is the study of signs of disease in the remains of ancient ______.

<p>peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

Planted crops yield far more tons per acre than roots and _______.

<p>berries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The paleopathologist in Chile found well-preserved mummies whose medical conditions could be determined by ______.

<p>autopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some cases, feces of long-dead Indians in dry caves in Nevada could be examined for hookworm and other ______.

<p>parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agriculture gave us free time that hunter-gatherers never had because crops can be _______.

<p>stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lives of people 10,000 years ago got better when they abandoned hunting and gathering for _______.

<p>farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skeletons reveal their owner's sex, weight, and approximate ______.

<p>age</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average time devoted each week to obtaining food for one group of Bushmen is only twelve to _______ hours.

<p>nineteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

By measuring bones of people of different ages, paleopathologists can calculate ______ rates.

<p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enamel defects in teeth are signs of childhood ______.

<p>malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mix of wild plants and animals in the diets of surviving hunter-gatherers provides more protein and a better _______ of other nutrients.

<p>balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bushmen's average daily food intake during a month when food was plentiful was 2,140 calories and ninety-three grams of _______.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historical changes in height can be deduced from the study of ______.

<p>skeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Bushmen eat seventy-five or so wild plants, providing them with a diverse range of _______.

<p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

At Dickson Mounds, the transition from hunter-gatherer culture to intensive maize farming resulted in a nearly fifty percent increase in enamel defects indicative of ______.

<p>malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lives of surviving hunter-gatherers aren't nasty and brutish, even though farmers have pushed them into some of the world's worst _______.

<p>real estate</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to George Armelagos, life expectancy at birth was about twenty-six years in the pre-agricultural community, but in the post-agricultural community it was ______ years.

<p>nineteen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modem hunter-gatherer societies that have rubbed shoulders with farming societies for thousands of years don't tell us about conditions before the _______ revolution.

<p>agricultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mark Cohen of the State University of New York at Plattsburgh co-edited one of the seminal books in the field, Paleopathology at the Origins of ______.

<p>Agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherers obtained most of their food from a varied diet, while early farmers obtained most of their food from one or a few starchy ______.

<p>Crops</p> Signup and view all the answers

Farmers gained cheap calories at the cost of poor ______.

<p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dependence on a limited number of crops put farmers at risk of ______ if one crop failed.

<p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agriculture encouraged people to clump together in crowded societies, leading to the spread of parasites and infectious ______.

<p>Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherers have little or no stored food, and no concentrated food sources like an orchard or a herd of cows: they live off the wild plants and animals they obtain each ______.

<p>Day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only in a farming population could a healthy, nonproducing elite set itself above the disease-ridden ______.

<p>Masses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skeletons from Greek tombs at Mycenae c.1500 B.C. suggest that royals enjoyed a better diet than commoners, since the royal skeletons were two or three inches taller and had better ______.

<p>Teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Farming may have encouraged inequality between the ______.

<p>Sexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Women in agricultural societies were sometimes made beasts of ______.

<p>Burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

I lashed a bag of rice to a pole and assigned a team of four men to shoulder it together. When I caught up with the villagers, the men were carrying light loads, while one small woman weighing less than the bag of rice was bent under it, supporting its weight by a cord across her ______.

<p>temples</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hunter-gatherers had to choose between limiting population or trying to increase food production. Some bands chose to limit growth, but others chose to increase food production and ended up with starvation, warfare, and tyranny. Forced to choose between limiting population or trying to increase food production, we chose the latter and ended up with ______.

<p>starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaeologists studying the rise of farming have reconstructed a crucial stage at which we made the worst mistake in human history. Forced to choose between limiting population or trying to increase food production, we chose the latter and ended up with ______, warfare, and tyranny.

<p>starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose that an archaeologist who had visited us from outer space were trying to explain human history to his fellow spacelings. If the history of the human race began at midnight, then we would now be almost at the end of our first day. We lived as hunter-gatherers for nearly the whole of that day, from midnight through dawn, noon, and sunset. Finally, at 11:54 p.m., we adopted ______.

<p>agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

We lived as hunter-gatherers for nearly the whole of the first day of human history. Finally, at 11:54 p.m., we adopted ______.

<p>agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

At 11:54 p.m., humans adopted ______ after living as hunter-gatherers for nearly the whole of the first day of human history.

<p>agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Farm women could bear a child every two years because they didn't have to carry their toddler until it was old enough to keep up with the adults. As population densities of hunter-gatherers slowly rose at the end of the ice ages, bands had to choose between feeding more mouths by taking the first steps toward ______ or finding ways to limit growth.

<p>agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

At this point, it's instructive to recall the common complaint that archaeology is a luxury, concerned with the remote past, and offering no lessons for the present. Archaeologists studying the rise of ______ have reconstructed a crucial stage at which we made the worst mistake in human history.

<p>farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Paleopathology = Study of signs of disease in ancient remains Agricultural Revolution = Transition from hunter-gatherer to farming societies Archaeology = Study of human history through material remains Population Density = Number of individuals living in a given area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following outcomes with their causes:

<p>Starvation, warfare, and tyranny = Choosing to increase food production over limiting population Inequality between social classes = Introduction of agriculture Gross social inequality = Development of farming societies Shorter life expectancy = Shift to post-agricultural communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following dietary components with their sources:

<p>Starchy crops = Early farmers Wild plants and animals = Hunter-gatherers Planted crops = Higher agricultural yields Concentrated food sources = Farmers' orchards and herds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their effects on society:

<p>Free time for art and leisure = Debate around benefits of agriculture Increased population density = Pressure for agricultural development Social and sexual inequality = Emergence in farming societies Limited number of crops risk = Farmers' vulnerability to crop failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical periods with their characteristics:

<p>Hunter-gatherer lifestyle = Predominant for most of human history Adoption of agriculture = Occurred at 11:54 p.m. in the 'human history clock' Middle Ages society = Less advanced compared to modern times Cave dwellers era = Considered less developed than Middle Ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding meanings:

<p>Paleopathology = Study of signs of disease in ancient remains Agriculture = Practice of farming and cultivating crops Astronomy = Study of celestial objects and phenomena Biology = Study of living organisms and their interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences with the adoption of agriculture:

<p>Social and sexual inequality = Resulting from the shift to farming Disease = Increased prevalence due to agricultural practices Despotism = Emergence of oppressive rulers with the advent of agriculture Tyranny = Resulting from the choice to increase food production over limiting population</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical periods with their corresponding food sources:

<p>Hunter-gatherers = Relied on a varied diet from wild plants and animals Early farmers = Obtained most of their food from one or a few starchy crops Royals = Enjoyed a better diet than commoners with more varied food sources Modern society = Relies on abundant and varied foods from various sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their impacts on human history:

<p>Agricultural revolution = Choice that led to social issues, warfare, and tyranny Adoption of agriculture = Considered the worst mistake in human history Transition to farming = Resulted in increased inequality and disease prevalence Shift from gathering to farming = Marked a crucial stage in human history</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their implications for human well-being:

<p>Abundance of varied foods = Contributed to healthier and longer lives in history Best tools and material goods = Enhanced quality of life compared to previous eras Longest and healthiest lives = Enjoyed by modern society due to advancements Energy from oil and machines = Reduced physical labor and increased efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their corresponding revelations from scientific fields:

<p>Not center of universe = Astronomy teaching about Earth's place in cosmos Evolved along with other species = Biological understanding of human origins No progress over million years = Archaeological challenge to historical beliefs Adoption of agriculture a mistake = Key finding highlighting negative consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences of agriculture with their descriptions:

<p>Deep class divisions = Resulted in elite class exploiting others Spread of parasites and infectious disease = Encouraged people to clump together in crowded societies Inequality between the sexes = Farming women had more frequent pregnancies under pressure to produce more Starvation risk from crop failure = Farmers were at risk if one crop failed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nutritional indicators with their corresponding findings:

<p>Skeletons from Greek tombs at Mycenae c.1500 B.C. = Royal skeletons were taller and had better teeth Chilean mummies from c.A.D. 1000 = Elite had lower rate of bone lesions caused by disease American elite today = Dependent on oil and minerals imported from countries with poorer health and nutrition Global contrasts today = Persistent differences in nutrition and health on a global scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about hunter-gatherers with their characteristics:

<p>Little or no stored food = Dependent on wild plants and animals obtained daily No kings or social parasites = Could not seize stored food from others Small bands with shifting camps = Scattered populations in small groups that constantly move Varied diet = Obtained food from multiple sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Connect the following health impacts with their causes related to agriculture:

<p>More bone lesions in women = Farming women carried heavy loads of vegetables and firewood Epidemics like tuberculosis and measles = Encouraged clumping of people in crowded societies Malnutrition and poor nutrition = Farmers obtained most of their food from starchy crops Exposure to infectious diseases = Crowding in agricultural societies promoted disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following societal shifts with their effects resulting from agriculture:

<p>Encouraging inequality between classes = Healthy nonproducing elite set above disease-ridden masses Encouraging inequality between the sexes = Farming women had more frequent pregnancies under pressure to produce more Promoting social divisions based on diet and health = Royals enjoyed better diet than commoners due to farming Encouraging centralized power structures = Elite class exploiting others due to stored food sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Agricultural revolution = Transition from hunting and gathering to farming Paleopathology = Study of signs of disease in ancient remains Neolithic Age = Period characterized by the development of agriculture Hunter-gatherers = People who obtain food by foraging and hunting wild animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following foods with their sources of nutrients:

<p>Mongongo nuts = High in protein and nutrients Rice and potatoes = High-carbohydrate crops Wild plants and animals = Diverse range of nutrients Crops from agriculture = Efficient source of calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following societies with their lifestyles:

<p>Hunter-gatherers = Plenty of leisure time and less hard work Farming communities = Concentrated on high-carbohydrate crops Modem hunter-gatherer societies = Coexist with farming societies for thousands of years Bushmen = Eat seventy-five or so wild plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences with their causes:

<p>Gross social and sexual inequality = Introduction of agriculture Disease and warfare = Result of choosing to increase food production over limiting population growth Enamel defects in teeth = Transition to intensive maize farming Inequality between individuals = Encouraged by farming practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following time periods with their characteristics:

<p>Pre-agricultural community = Life expectancy at birth was about twenty-six years Post-agricultural community = Life expectancy at birth increased to a certain number of years Neolithic Age = Development of agriculture took place Twentieth century hunter-gatherers = Have plenty of leisure time and work less hard than farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with the related concepts:

<p>Archaeologists can date the switch from gathering to farming by distinguishing remains of wild plants and animals from those of cultivated ones in prehistoric garbage dumps. = Transition to intensive maize farming resulted in a nearly fifty percent increase in enamel defects indicative of dietary stress. Dependence on a limited number of crops put farmers at risk of famine if one crop failed. = Planted crops yield far more tons per acre than roots and berries. By measuring bones of people of different ages, paleopathologists can calculate disease rates. = Paleopathology is the study of signs of disease in ancient human remains. The Bushmen eat seventy-five or so wild plants, providing them with a diverse range of nutrients. = Wild plants and animals in the diets of surviving hunter-gatherers provide more protein and a better balance of other nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their outcomes:

<p>Forced to choose between limiting population or trying to increase food production, we chose the latter. = Ended up with starvation, warfare, and tyranny. Agriculture gave us free time that hunter-gatherers never had. = Crops can be stored, leading to more leisure time. Planted crops yield far more tons per acre than roots and berries. = Efficient way to get more food for less work. The Bushmen's average daily food intake during a month when food was plentiful was 2,140 calories and ninety-three grams of protein. = Considerably greater than the recommended daily allowance for people of their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with the signs that paleopathologists can recognize in ancient human remains:

<p>Anemia = Bone lesions Tuberculosis = Scars on bones Leprosy = Scars on bones Iron-deficiency anemia = Enamel defects indicative of malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following locations with the archaeological findings related to health changes due to transition in livelihoods:

<p>Chilean deserts = Well-preserved mummies with determined medical conditions Illinois and Ohio River valleys = Increased enamel defects, iron-deficiency anemia, and bone lesions Nevada dry caves = Feces examination for parasites Greece and Turkey = Historical changes in height</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nutrition-related terms with their descriptions:

<p>Enamel defects = Signs of childhood malnutrition Caloric intake = Average daily food intake Protein intake = Diverse range of nutrients Starchy crops = Main source of food for early farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages in human history regarding height with the corresponding average heights:

<p>End of ice ages (hunter-gatherers) = 5'9&quot; for men, 5'5&quot; for women 3000 B.C. = 5'3&quot; for men, 5' for women Classical times = On the rise but still below distant ancestors' average height Modern Greeks and Turks = Still not regained average height of distant ancestors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences of adopting agriculture with their descriptions:

<p>Increased food production instead of limiting population = Starvation, warfare, and tyranny Development of social and sexual inequality = Disease and curse of existence Free time from cultivating crops = Better off than hunter-gatherers but with inequality Dependence on limited crops = Risk of starvation if one crop fails</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors affecting lifespan with their impact on pre-agricultural versus post-agricultural communities:

<p>Enamel defects indicative of malnutrition = Nearly fifty percent increase in post-agricultural community Iron-deficiency anemia (porotic hyperostosis) = Fourfold increase in post-agricultural community Bone lesions reflecting infectious disease = Threefold rise in post-agricultural community Degenerative conditions of the spine reflecting hard labor = Increase in post-agricultural community</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods used by paleopathologists with their purposes in studying ancient human remains:

<p>Mortality tables construction = Calculate expected life span and risk of death at different ages Growth rates calculation from bones measurement = Estimate age-based bone development Teeth examination for enamel defects = Identify signs of childhood malnutrition Scars recognition on bones = Identify diseases like anemia, tuberculosis, and leprosy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following rationing choices made by hunter-gatherer bands with their consequences:

<p>Limit growth to avoid starvation, warfare, tyranny = ... chose the latter and ended up with starvation, warfare, tyranny Increase food production to feed more mouths = ... ended up with disease and curse of existence Find ways to limit growth to maintain quality of life = ... led to better health conditions compared to other bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cultural transitions with their effects on health conditions:

<p>Transition to intensive maize farming around A.D. 1150 = ... nearly fifty percent increase in enamel defects indicative of malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, bone lesions, degenerative spine conditions Transition from hunter-gatherer culture to farming society = ... affected ability to survive due to nutritional stress and infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following technological advancements with their impact on studying ancient human remains:

<p>Emerging techniques of paleopathology = ... enabled direct testing of progressivist view through health deductions from remains Almost as much material available as modern pathologists have = ... allowed detailed study and analysis similar to modern medical practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

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