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Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of imperative programming languages?
What are the two main types of imperative programming languages?
Which programming language is NOT an example of a non-structured language?
Which programming language is NOT an example of a non-structured language?
Which of the following is considered a non-primitive data type in Java?
Which of the following is considered a non-primitive data type in Java?
The byte data type in Java occupies 4 bytes of memory.
The byte data type in Java occupies 4 bytes of memory.
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A variable declared outside of a method, but inside a class, is called a local variable.
A variable declared outside of a method, but inside a class, is called a local variable.
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The && operator in Java has higher precedence than the || operator.
The && operator in Java has higher precedence than the || operator.
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What is the purpose of the instanceof operator in Java?
What is the purpose of the instanceof operator in Java?
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What is the difference between a class and an object in Java?
What is the difference between a class and an object in Java?
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What is the purpose of the main method in Java?
What is the purpose of the main method in Java?
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What is the role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in Java programming?
What is the role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in Java programming?
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Which access modifier makes a class member accessible only within the same package?
Which access modifier makes a class member accessible only within the same package?
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Which of the following is NOT a valid data type in Java?
Which of the following is NOT a valid data type in Java?
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Which operator in Java performs integer division?
Which operator in Java performs integer division?
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What is the value of the following expression in Java: 10 % 3?
What is the value of the following expression in Java: 10 % 3?
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What is the purpose of the System.out.println() method in Java?
What is the purpose of the System.out.println() method in Java?
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The += operator in Java is a shorthand for the subtraction operation.
The += operator in Java is a shorthand for the subtraction operation.
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What is the difference between the & operator and the && operator in Java?
What is the difference between the & operator and the && operator in Java?
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The ?: operator in Java is a shorthand for the if-else statement.
The ?: operator in Java is a shorthand for the if-else statement.
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Study Notes
Programming Languages
- Programming languages are categorized into imperative, procedural, and object-oriented types.
- Imperative languages use commands, where programmers specify inputs and the language returns an appropriate output.
- Procedural languages have a step-by-step approach with commands followed by results.
- Object-oriented languages group data and functions into objects, which can interact with other objects.
- Examples of languages include SQL (imperative), Fortran and Basic (procedural), Pascal and C++ (procedural), and Java and C# (object-oriented).
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
- OOP is a programming approach that organizes software design around data, or objects.
- Each object has data members (variables) and methods (functions).
- An important concept in OOP is encapsulation, where data and methods are bundled together.
- OOP improves software design, maintenance, and code reuse.
- Foundational OOP concepts include class, attributes (data members), method, inheritance to reuse code, polymorphism to create adaptable applications, and abstraction for simplified complexity.
Classes and Objects
- Classes are blueprints for creating objects.
- Objects are instances of classes.
- Classes define the structure and behavior of objects.
- Objects store data and use methods to perform operations.
- The concept of encapsulation is crucial for organizing and protecting data within a class. It means data is hidden internally and only accessible through methods.
Access Modifiers
- Access modifiers control how members (data & functions) of a class can be accessed from other parts of the program.
-
public: members accessible from anywhere. -
private: members accessible only within the class. -
protected: members accessible within the class and subclasses.
Constructors
- Constructors are special methods automatically called when an object is created.
- They initialize the object's data members.
- Constructors often take parameters to control initialization values.
Inheritance
- Inheritance allows creating new classes (subclasses) based on existing classes (superclasses).
- Subclasses inherit attributes and methods from superclasses.
- This promotes code reuse and reduces redundancy.
Java
- Java is an object-oriented programming language created by James Gosling, originally named Oak.
- Java is platform-independent, meaning code can run on different operating systems.
- Java uses a compiler to translate Java source code into bytecode.
- bytecode is then executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is platform-specific enabling Java code to run across different operating systems.
- Key features of Java include object-orientation, portability, security, and high performance.
- Java uses the
mainfunction as the entry point for any Java program.
Java Data Types
- Java has various data types for storing different kinds of data.
- Primitive types are built-in (e.g.,
int,float,boolean) while non-primitive types are user-defined types (e.g. objects). - Java uses a class hierarchy for data types similar to its object-oriented structure.
Java Variables
- Java variables store data values.
- Variables can be local (inside a method), instance (part of an object), or static (associated with a class, rather than an object).
- There are specific naming conventions related to variable types (local, instance etc) impacting their use.
Java Operators
- Java operators perform calculations and operations.
- There are different categories like arithmetic, relational, logical, and assignment operators with specific precedence rules.
- These operators can perform various operations including comparisons, arithmetic, and logical calculations on data.
Java Examples
- Various examples demonstrate how to use Java operators and data types in code.
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Description
This quiz explores various programming languages and their classifications, including imperative, procedural, and object-oriented types. You'll also delve into the foundational concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) such as encapsulation, classes, and methods. Test your understanding of how different programming paradigms work!
