Questions and Answers
Which age group is associated with a worse prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
What genetic anomaly is most commonly associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)?
Which of the following chromosomal changes is associated with a favourable prognosis in ALL?
Which immunophenotypic markers are typically expressed on CLL/SLL cells?
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What is a common clinical feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia?
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Which genetic mutations are frequently found in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia tumors?
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What indicates a worse prognosis in both B- and T-cell ALL?
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What is the median age at diagnosis for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia in the United States?
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What is a primary characteristic of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What significant role does EBV play in relation to Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What is a common clinical feature of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Which cytokines are associated with the inflammatory cell infiltrate characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma?
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How do RS cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma affect T cell function?
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Which stage do younger patients with favorable types of Hodgkin lymphoma often present?
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What is required for a definitive diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma as opposed to non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What alteration is often seen in the chromosome region containing genes for PD ligands in Hodgkin lymphoma?
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What distinguishes Hodgkin lymphoma from non-Hodgkin lymphomas?
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Which clinical feature is most commonly associated with multiple myeloma?
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What is a common presentation symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphomas?
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Which diagnostic method is primarily used to identify lymphoid malignancies?
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What primarily determines the clinical presentation of lymphoid neoplasms?
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In lymphocytic leukaemia, which symptom is frequently noted due to the suppression of normal haematopoiesis?
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Which type of tumor is most often associated with soft-tissue masses without detectable bone marrow disease?
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What symptom can arise from proteins secreted by tumor cells in multiple myeloma?
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Study Notes
Prognostic Factors in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
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Worse Prognosis Factors:
- Age younger than 2 years, linked to infantile ALL and MLL gene translocations.
- Presentation in adolescence or adulthood correlates with poorer outcomes.
- Peripheral blood blast counts exceeding 100,000 indicate high tumor burden.
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Favorable Prognostic Markers:
- Age between 2 and 10 years associated with better prognosis.
- Low white blood cell counts are indicative of a favorable outcome.
- Hyperdiploidy and trisomy of chromosomes 4, 7, and 10 also relate to improved prognosis.
- Detection of t(12;21) is linked to better survival rates.
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Residual Disease Detection:
- Molecular analysis of residual disease post-therapy predicts worse outcomes in both B-ALL and T-ALL, guiding clinical trial design.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL)
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CLL is the most prevalent leukemia in adults in the Western world, with around 15,000 new cases annually in the U.S.
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Median diagnosis occurs at age 60, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1.
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CLL/SLL is rarer in Asian populations compared to Western countries.
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Pathogenesis:
- Common genetic abnormalities include deletions of chromosomes 13q14.3, 11q, 17p, and trisomy 12q.
- The deleted region on chromosome 13 may involve microRNAs miR-15a and miR-16-1, potentially acting as tumor suppressors.
- Possible cell origins include post-germinal center memory B cells or naive B cells.
- Deep sequencing of CLL genomes shows NOTCH1 receptor mutations in 10% to 18% of cases, alongside frequent RNA splicing gene mutations.
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Immunophenotype:
- CLL/SLL cells express pan B-cell markers (CD19, CD20), CD23, and CD5, which is found on a small subset of normal B cells.
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)
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Arises from germinal center B cells and is frequently associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), particularly in mixed-cellularity subtype.
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EBV detected in 70% of mixed-cellularity cases; its transformation is linked to clonal expansion.
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The inflammatory microenvironment includes cytokines like IL-5, TGF-β, and IL-13 that may stimulate growth and attract cells.
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Immune Evasion:
- Hodgkin Lymphoma employs mechanisms to evade T cell responses, including high expression of PD ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), often amplified on chromosome 9.
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Clinical Features:
- Characterized by painless lymphadenopathy; confirmed only via tissue biopsy.
- Younger patients with more favorable subtypes often present at stage I or II without significant “B symptoms” (fever, weight loss, night sweats).
Lymphoid Neoplasms: Definitions and Classifications
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Leukemia vs. Lymphoma:
- Leukemia denotes widespread bone marrow and peripheral blood involvement, while lymphoma refers to discrete tissue mass neoplasms.
- Lymphomas can sometimes exhibit leukemic presentations; progression to leukemia is common.
- Terms reflect typical disease distribution at presentation.
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Hodgkin vs. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:
- Hodgkin lymphoma has unique pathological features and distinct treatment protocols compared to non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs).
- Plasma cell neoplasms are a special category, primarily arising in bone marrow with rare peripheral involvement.
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Presentation:
- Two-thirds of NHLs and all Hodgkin lymphomas typically present as enlarged nontender lymph nodes (>2 cm).
- One-third of NHLs may present with symptoms from extranodal site involvement (e.g., skin, stomach, brain).
- Symptoms in lymphocytic leukemia arise from normal hematopoiesis suppression by tumor cells.
- Multiple myeloma, a common plasma cell neoplasm, leads to bone destruction and pain due to fractures, alongside symptoms from secreted tumor proteins.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the prognostic factors associated with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). It includes discussion on various age groups, blood count thresholds, and their implications on patient outcomes. Test your knowledge of what influences prognosis in ALL.
