Progestins
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Questions and Answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the dominant follicle produce estrogen?

  • Ovulation phase
  • Menstrual phase
  • Follicular phase (correct)
  • Luteal phase

    • What hormone provides negative feedback to the pituitary, inhibiting FSH release?

  • Progesterone
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • Estrogen (correct)

    • What hormone causes the endometrium to become thicker during the follicular phase?

  • LH
  • Progesterone
  • FSH
  • Estrogen (correct)

    • Which hormone prompts ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the female reproductive system thins and dilates during childbirth?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the uterine tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transport oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oogenesis, the development of female gametes, occur in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Follicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the corpus luteum in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Rupture after ovulation and produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is the primary estrogen used in oral contraceptives?

    <p>Ethinyl estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is 50% less potent than Ethinyl estradiol?

    <p>Mestranol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound has a long half-life of 24-28 hours and is minimally metabolized?

    <p>Estetrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound has unsaturation (double bonds) in Ring B, which DECREASES estrogenic potency?

    <p>Ethinyl estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraception method is known to prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus?

    <p>Oral contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for combination pills in preventing pregnancy?

    <p>Negative feedback to pituitary, resulting in inhibition of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contraception method is known to have a higher risk of thromboembolism?

    <p>Oral contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible adverse effect of SERMs?

    <p>Increased risk of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of clomiphene?

    <p>It stimulates the release of FSH/LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about progestins?

    <p>Removing the C19 methyl group increases activity at the progesterone receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical use of progestins?

    <p>Long-term ovarian suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical use of estrogens?

    <p>Treating carcinoma of the prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a membrane ER effect?

    <p>Regulating vascular tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type stimulates breast growth and reduces the risk of breast cancer?

    <p>Membrane-dependent receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do NEST drugs promote and prevent?

    <p>Promote nuclear-dependent effects and prevent membrane-dependent effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonhormonal contraceptive?

    <p>Phexxi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect of Phexxi?

    <p>Urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contraceptive method is CI (contraindicated) in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment?

    <p>Xulane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contraceptive method has a weight restriction of BMI >30?

    <p>Twirla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contraceptive method is a transdermal patch?

    <p>Xulane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the ______ phase, the corpus luteum is secreting estrogen, progesterone, inhibin.

    <p>luteal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pathway to estrogen production varies from ______ to luteal phase.

    <p>follicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estriol (E3) is a ______ estrogen and minor female sex hormone.

    <p>weak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the luteal phase, ______ is a precursor for estrogens.

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity include _______ and _______.

    <p>Bisphenol A and Genestein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estradiol is converted in the liver to _______ and _______.

    <p>estrone and estriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen receptors form a complex of proteins and bind to _______ in promoter sequences.

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen promotes the development and growth of the _______.

    <p>breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progestins enter cells and bind to ______ receptors (cytoplasm and nucleus)

    <p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adding a halogen at C6 or C7 ______ activity at the progesterone receptor

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Removing the 3-keto group ______ activity at the progesterone receptor

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progestins are given to stimulate or maintain ______

    <p>pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prenatal development, millions of primordial follicles are formed. These consist of single, large cell called an oocyte, which is surrounded by layer of ______ cells.

    <p>follicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Around day 7 on the cycle, 1 follicle becomes dominant, and the others die through a process called ______.

    <p>atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corpus Luteum – ruptured follicle after ovulation; very ______.

    <p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each month, 3-30 follicles will begin maturation within the ovary. ______ is released into open space and drawn into tube by beating cilia.

    <p>Oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progestins are given during the ______ Phase to transform a proliferative uterine endometrium into a more differentiated, secretory one.

    <p>Luteal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Progestins can be given ______ to prevent ovulation, increase viscosity of cervical mucus, decrease motility within uterine tubes, and create atrophic endometrium.

    <p>continuously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination pills of hormonal contraception contain both estrogens and ______.

    <p>progestins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The progesterone antagonist, Mifeprestone (RU-486), can terminate pregnancies in the first 7 weeks in 95% of women when used with ______.

    <p>prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen's nuclear dependent receptors prevent ______ formation in the vascular system

    <p>plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen's nuclear dependent receptors support tissue maintenance in the ______ and vagina

    <p>uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen's membrane dependent receptors stimulate ______ growth and reduce the risk of breast cancer

    <p>breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NEST drugs promote nuclear dependent effects and prevent ______ effects

    <p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PhexxiTM is a contraceptive vaginal ______.

    <p>gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vaginal pH range of PhexxiTM is ______.

    <p>3.5-4.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PhexxiTM has an efficacy of ______% with 'typical use' and ______% when used as directed.

    <p>86, 93</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adverse effects of PhexxiTM include ______.

    <p>vulvovaginal burning sensation, vulvovaginal pruritus, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, urinary tract infection, vulvovaginal discomfort, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal discharge, genital discomfort, dysuria, and vulvovaginal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal contraception increases the risk of ______.

    <p>STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal contraception can reduce the risk of ______ or ovarian cancer.

    <p>endometrial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is the primary estrogen used in oral contraceptives?

    <p>Ethinyl estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of unsaturation (double bonds) in Ring B on estrogenic potency?

    <p>Decreases estrogenic potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound has a long half-life of 24-28 hours and is minimally metabolized?

    <p>Estetrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity?

    <p>Bisphenol A and Genestein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of estrogen on the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Decreases cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical use of estrogens?

    <p>Infertility/IVF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type stimulates breast growth and reduces the risk of breast cancer?

    <p>Membrane-dependent receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NEST drugs in promoting nuclear-dependent effects and preventing membrane-dependent effects?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the female reproductive system is responsible for transporting oocytes released from the ovaries to the uterus?

    <p>Uterine tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the menstrual cycle, which structure in the female reproductive system undergoes thinning and dilation in preparation for childbirth?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that is formed after ovulation and is responsible for producing progesterone?

    <p>Corpus Luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of follicle development in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about progestins?

    <p>Progestins decrease the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contraceptive method is CI (contraindicated) in patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment?

    <p>IM injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of clomiphene?

    <p>It stimulates ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for thickening cervical mucus and preventing ovulation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the corpus luteum secreting estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is a precursor for estrogens in the luteal phase?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone provides negative feedback to the pituitary, inhibiting FSH release?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the uterine tubes in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Transportation of oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential adverse effect of hormonal contraception?

    <p>Increased risk of cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for hormonal contraception in preventing pregnancy?

    <p>Inhibition of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-hormonal contraceptive method?

    <p>PhexxiTM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is a synthetic analog of a natural estrogen synthesized by the fetal liver and present only during pregnancy?

    <p>Estetrol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of estrogen-containing contraceptives?

    <p>Spotting or breakthrough bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which contraceptive method has a weight restriction of BMI >30?

    <p>Xulane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about SERMs?

    <p>SERMs have agonist activity in some tissues and antagonist activity in others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about tamoxifen?

    <p>Tamoxifen is an antagonist in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about raloxifene?

    <p>Raloxifene is used for breast cancer prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a true statement about clomiphene?

    <p>Clomiphene stimulates the release of FSH/LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

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