PFC Set 1 Mcqs

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Questions and Answers

What is emphasized as a key distinction between a good physician and a great physician?

A good physician follows protocols, while a great physician innovates treatment procedures.

A good physician is knowledgeable, while a great physician is empathetic.

A good physician addresses symptoms, while a great physician focuses on the disease.

A good physician treats the disease, while a great physician treats the patient with the disease. (correct)

Which of the following best describes a core value in healthcare?

Technical skills are paramount above all others.

Respect is only important in interactions with colleagues.

Compassion is an integral aspect of providing care. (correct)

Financial incentives drive healthcare decisions.

What responsibility does a profession hold according to the social compact?

Professionals must ensure their opinions are prioritized over patients'.

Professionals should solely focus on earning a good salary.

Professionals are expected to adhere to regulations without question.

Professionals have a duty to act in their patients' best interests, including 'doing no harm.' (correct)

Which statement best reflects the concept of professional integrity in healthcare?

Integrity is about maintaining honesty and transparency in practice. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'teamwork' imply in a healthcare context?

Collaborating efficiently to enhance patient care. Signup and view all the answers

How should healthcare practitioners view their role within the HPCSA framework?

As central to providing patient/client-centered care. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the HPCSA Core Competencies guidelines?

To define the necessary attributes for effective patient care. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'building a longer table, not a taller fence' suggest about values in healthcare?

Healthcare should be based on collaboration and inclusivity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a central criticism of care ethics related to traditional gender roles?

It reinforces stereotypes of a 'good woman'. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'justice view' in ethical considerations?

Doing the right thing, even at a personal cost. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does care ethics promote which may conflict with fairness?

Favoritism towards those who are close. Signup and view all the answers

According to virtue ethics, how is moral character developed?

By practicing virtuous behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social justice, which principle does NOT align with its definition?

Discrimination based on traits. Signup and view all the answers

What do care ethics encourage individuals to prioritize?

The needs of those close to them. Signup and view all the answers

How does virtue ethics differ from other ethical theories?

It integrates with personal moral development. Signup and view all the answers

What activity is highlighted as fostering care in an individual’s life?

Pursuing a career in a caring profession. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a foundational goal of social justice?

Ensuring equitable treatment for all. Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does care ethics establish between the individual and their community?

A connection that values both personal and communal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of primary health care (PHC)?

It is based on practical, scientifically sound methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the limited improvements in lifestyle within a community?

The perception of high alcohol and tobacco consumption. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common demographic pattern seen in developing countries according to the population pyramid?

High fertility and mortality rates. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Alma Ata Declaration emphasize regarding primary health care?

It must be affordable and involve community participation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a challenge to achieving intersectoral participation in health care?

There is a lack of shared goals among different sectors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of the MacroSystem?

The cultural attitudes and ideologies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the ExoSystem?

It encompasses industries and mass media. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered an Ultimate Factor in the historical development model?

The east/west axis of continents. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Continental Axis Theory suggest about the east-west axis compared to the north-south axis?

The east-west axis facilitates better diffusion of technology. Signup and view all the answers

How do epidemic diseases contribute to the patterns of human history according to the content?

They allowed large societies to maintain themselves. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is cited as a Proximate Factor impacting societal development?

Political organization. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Medical Ecology Model, what role does Nonhuman Nature play?

It serves as a foundational resource for conservation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of having a large, dense, sedentary society?

Increased likelihood of epidemic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the MesoSystem is specifically highlighted?

The influence of family and peers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not represent an Ultimate Factor influencing historical development?

Guns and ocean-going ships. Signup and view all the answers

What does the bio-psycho social model proposed by George L Engel help to understand?

Health and disease in the context of psychosomatics Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in 'environmental health' according to the integrative concepts of health?

Health effects of the physico-chemical environment Signup and view all the answers

Which term is central to the study of human ecology?

Relationship Signup and view all the answers

What type of relations are characterized in person-environment interactions?

Single or double give-take relations Signup and view all the answers

The human-ecological framework aims for a multidisciplinary approach in which area?

Clinical work Signup and view all the answers

What could pathogenic imbalances in human-environment relationships lead to?

Public health crises Signup and view all the answers

Which incidence exemplifies the repercussions of environmental factors on health?

Incan downfall due to swine flu Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus area of human ecological medicine?

Interactions among humans, pathogens, and the environment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the bio-psycho social model, which element is NOT considered directly?

Environmental landscapes Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of health does human ecology primarily analyze?

Human-environment relationships Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Professional Identity Formation

The purpose of this session is to illustrate the professional framework in which roles and identities of healthcare practitioners develop.
This session identifies the core and enabling competencies that define a healthcare practitioner.
The session focuses on evaluating the development of professional identity within the HPCSA/Afrimed/Canmed guidelines framework.

Values

Values are beliefs people hold, especially about what is right or wrong.
Values are the principles that determine how people act.
Values indicate how people interact with each other.

A profession is work that requires a certain amount of training.
Professions come with a degree of respect and responsibility.
With this power comes a social compact/expectation, for example, to “do no harm”.

Privilege and Self-Governance

Healthcare professionals take conscious responsibility for the tasks and interests of their profession, and may oppose the state when necessary.
This responsibility is facilitated by internalizing a common attitude and understanding of the role of the profession and what constitutes appropriate behavior.

Professional Values

Compassion: empathy in action.
Respect: honoring patients' autonomy.
Integrity: honesty and transparency.
Professionalism: excellence in practice.
Communication: the key to effective care.
Teamwork: collaborating for patient care.

HPCSA Core Competencies

Role of the Healthcare Practitioner: They integrate all graduate attribute roles, applying profession-specific knowledge, clinical skills and professional attitudes in their provision of patient/client-centred care. The healthcare practitioner is the central role in the framework of graduate attributes.

Points of Reference for Understanding Role

Batho Pele Principles
HPCSA guidelines

Morality as Care

Morality as care has been ignored or trivialized because women were traditionally in positions of limited power and influence.

Justice View

The justice view focuses on doing the right thing, even if it requires personal cost or sacrificing the interest of those to whom one is close.

Care View

The care view suggests that we can and should put the interests of those who are close to us above the interests of complete strangers, and that we should cultivate our natural capacity to care for others and ourselves.

Criticisms

Care ethics was developed as part of the feminist movement, and feminists have criticized care-based ethics for reinforcing traditional stereotypes of a 'good woman.'
Care ethics can promote favouritism, which violates fairness and impartiality.
Care ethics must address various issues, including how it can integrate traditional ethical values like justice, etc.

What Should We Care About

Healthcare professionals have chosen a caring profession, looking after the needs of others.
These needs include the individuals and their relationships to their families, their relationships to the healthcare professional and their communities.
Healthcare professionals must also take care of their own families and their own relationships.

Virtue Ethics

Virtue ethics is not an either/or choice with other theories.
This theory was developed by Aristotle and other ancient Greeks during their quest to understand and live a life of moral character.
Virtue ethics assumes that we acquire virtue through practice.
By practicing being honest, brave, just, generous, and so on, a person develops an honourable and moral character.
According to Aristotle, by honing virtuous habits, people will make the right choice when faced with ethical challenges.

It focuses on equality, equity, rights, and participation.
Social justice is the fairness of a society's wealth and resource distribution, as well as the distribution of privileges and opportunities.
Discrimination based on traits like race or gender goes against the principles of social justice, which include human rights, access, participation, and equity.

MacroSystem

Attitudes and ideologies of the culture.

ExoSystem

Industry
Social services
Mass Media

MesoSystem

Family
Peers
School
Church
Health services
Neighbors

MicroSystem

Individual (sex, age, health, etc.)

The Continental Axis Theory

Professor Jared Diamond's theory from "Guns, Germs and Steel".
The theory suggests that the orientation of a continent's axis significantly influences the diffusion of agriculture, technology, and ideas.
Continents with primarily east-west axes (like Eurasia) have similar climatic zones as the latitude remains almost constant.
Continents with north-south axes (like the Americas and Africa) confront changes in climatic zones (temperature, etc).
Physical barriers (rain forests, swamps, mountain ranges) prevented the diffusion of domestication and technology.
Different geographic areas offered different resource opportunities.
Disease played a key role in evolution and was spread more easily due to East/West axes, allowing dense populations and more complex societies.

Factors Underlying the Broadest Pattern of History

Ultimate Factors:
- East/West axis
- Many suitable wild species
- Ease of species spreading
- Many domesticated plant and animal species
- Food surpluses, food storage
- Large, dense, sedentary, stratified societies
- Technology
Proximate Factors:
- Horses
- Guns, ocean-going ships, swords
- Steel, writing
- Political organization
- Epidemic diseases

Medical Ecology Model

Nonhuman Nature (e.g. green space): Provides ecosystem services that impact the distribution of public health benefits; these are affected by environmental ethics, and environmental justice.
Environmental Ethics: Defines intrinsic and instrumental values of the environment, fosters integration of eco-health perspectives, and maximizes public health benefits.
Environmental Justice: Ensures equitable distribution of nature-mediated ecosystem services.
Ecosystem Services: Impact is affected by the principle of environmental justice and leads to equitable distribution of public health benefits.
Public Health Benefits: Shaped by interactions of humans, pathogens, and the environment.

Integrative Concepts of Health and Disease by Human Ecological Medicine

George L Engel (1913-1999) developed the bio-psycho social model (1977), which helped understand health and disease in the context of psychosomatics.
Environmental health also arose, emphasizing the health effects of the physico-chemical environment.
A human-ecological framework was proposed to create a multi-faceted but integrated theoretical view on health and disease.
Human ecology- study of the human-environment relationship; it focuses on the "relationship" and its variations and provides a theoretical orientation for multiprofessional practice.

Human-Environment Relationship and its Variants

Person-environment relations are structures of single or double give-take relations, or give-give, or take-take relations, and additional reciprocal rejection relations.
The overall relationship can result in pathogenic imbalances.

Biology: Demography

Assessment method: CHD questionnaire
Secondary source of info: poor design and poor use
Intersectoral: not achieved
Participation: not achieved
Population pyramid characteristics of developing countries:
- High fertility and mortality
- Characteristic infectious diseases mortality pattern
- Low life expectancy
- Possible high migration rates

Biology: Life Style

Perceived very high alcohol consumption
Perceived high tobacco consumption
Perceived high dagga consumption
Limited choices for healthier feeding
Observed prevalent sedentary life amongst adults and specially females
Perceived youth engaging in risky practices (females tavern visits and rape)
Perceived high frequency of promiscuous and unprotected sex
Observed hesitation to attending HCT
Observed poor compliance to medical treatments
Perceived poor attention to communal issues
High frequency of un-planned pregnancies

Primary Health Care as an Approach to Care Delivery

Aims:
- Define Primary Health Care (PHC) as an approach to the delivery of primary care.
- Locate the centrality of the PHC approach in delivering care in South Africa.
- Discuss PHC as part of the global health agenda, considering the importance of Universal Health Coverage.

Intro to PHC and the Alma Ata Declaration

Primary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community.
It is a key component of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and the first element of a continuing health care process.
It brings health care as close as possible to where people live and work.
It is achieved through the full participation of individuals and families in the community.
It must be affordable to the community and country at every stage of development
It is delivered in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.

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Description

This quiz explores the professional framework that shapes the roles and identities of healthcare practitioners. It evaluates core competencies and how they align with HPCSA/Afrimed/Canmed guidelines. Additionally, it delves into the values, social compact, and responsibilities inherent in healthcare professions.