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week 11 Production and Maturation of RBCs
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week 11 Production and Maturation of RBCs

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Questions and Answers

What is the normal haematocrit value for females?

35-45%

What is the function of haemoglobin in RBCs?

Carries oxygen to tissues

What is the normal value of haemoglobin in males?

130-160g/L

What is the main cause of elevated haematocrit?

<p>Reduction in plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value of platelet count?

<p>150-450 x 10*9/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the production site of lymphocytes?

<p>Glandular tissues (lymph glands, spleen, thymus, tonsils)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of anaemia due to destruction of RBCs?

<p>Issues with the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone that stimulates RBC production?

<p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three roles of platelets during the initial response to injury?

<p>Adhesion, Activation, and Aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Prothrombin Time (PT) and what does it measure?

<p>Prothrombin Time (PT) measures the extrinsic pathway and the clotting ability of factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, and X</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for calcium levels in the blood?

<p>Ionised 1.1-1.3mmol/L, Serum Calcium 2.1-2.5mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of potassium in the body?

<p>Maintains the inside of the cell positive, important for protein synthesis, and acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Creatinine Kinase (CK) levels?

<p>&lt; 150 U/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) in the liver?

<p>Released when hepatocytes break down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels?

<p>&lt; 100 U/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Bilirubin in the body?

<p>Orange-yellow pigment, by-product of Hb metabolism, eliminated via bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Albumin levels?

<p>35-45 U/L (34-48)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the International Normalised Ratio (INR) in measuring clotting ability?

<p>Standardizes the measurement of Prothrombin Time (PT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the initial response to injury?

<p>Adhesion, Activation, and Aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Prothrombin Time (PT) measure?

<p>The extrinsic pathway and the clotting ability of factors I, II, V, VII, and X</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcium in the body?

<p>Essential for muscle contractility, cardiac function, neural transmission, and clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of potassium in the body?

<p>Maintains the inside of the cell positive, important for protein synthesis, and acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Creatinine Kinase (CK)?

<p>Found in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain, and is a marker of muscle damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) in the liver?

<p>Released when hepatocytes break down</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)?

<p>Highest concentrations in the liver, biliary tract, and bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Bilirubin?

<p>Orange-yellow pigment, by-product of Hb metabolism, eliminated via bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Albumin?

<p>Produced in the liver, essential for colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the International Normalised Ratio (INR)?

<p>Standardizes the measurement of Prothrombin Time (PT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stimulus for the production and maturation of RBCs?

<p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Vitamin B12 and Folic acid in RBC production?

<p>Essential for RBC maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of RBCs at the end of their life span?

<p>Undergo apoptosis, releasing hemoglobin which is then recycled</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of anaemia?

<p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of RBCs that carries oxygen to tissues?

<p>Haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Complete Blood Examination (CBE)?

<p>To evaluate the overall health of an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of platelet production?

<p>Megakaryocyte cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of platelets to endothelial injury?

<p>They respond to endothelial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

whats plates roles

<ol> <li>Adhesion: stop and glue to the injury site</li> <li>Activation: Change shape, expose receptors and signal!</li> <li>Aggregation: Connect to each other via receptors to form a plug This primary plug activates the coagulation cascade</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Haematocrit normal ranges

<p>Normal values: Males 45-55%, Females 35 45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haemoglobin ranges

<p>Normal values: Males 130-160g/L, Females 120-150g/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

WCC

<p>Normal values: 4-12 x 10*9/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Platelets normal ranges

<p>150-450 x 10*9/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

PT

<p>11-15S</p> Signup and view all the answers

International Normalised Ratio (INR)

<p>0.9-1.3</p> Signup and view all the answers

APTT

<p>30-40 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium

<p>Normal values: Ionised 1.1-1.3mmol/L, Serum Calcium 2.1-2.5mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creatinine Kinase (CK

<p>&lt;150</p> Signup and view all the answers

BUN

<p>&lt;10</p> Signup and view all the answers

Creatinine

<p>&lt;100</p> Signup and view all the answers

ALT,AST

<p>Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) &lt; 55 U/L Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) &lt; 45 U/L Released when hepatocytes break</p> Signup and view all the answers

ALP

<p>&lt;100</p> Signup and view all the answers

BILRUBIN

<p>&lt;25</p> Signup and view all the answers

ALBUMIN

<p>35-45</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  • Produced in bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for RBC maturation
  • Life span of 100-120 days, undergo apoptosis, and release hemoglobin (Hb)
  • Haematocrit: percentage of overall blood volume composed of RBCs, normal values: Males 45-55%, Females 35-45%
  • Haemoglobin: carries oxygen to tissues, normal values: Males 130-160g/L, Females 120-150g/L

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  • Produced in bone marrow (granulocytes and monocytes) and glandular tissues (lymphocytes)
  • 5 types of cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polymorphonuclear eosinophils, polymorphonuclear basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
  • Lymphocyte life span: 4-8 hrs in blood, 4-5 days in tissues
  • White Cell Count: normal values: 4-12 x 10*9/L

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Particles of megakaryocyte cells
  • Size: 1/5 of RBC
  • Respond to endothelial injury, fully replaced every 10 days
  • Normal value: 150-450 x 10*9/L
  • 3 roles: Adhesion, Activation, and Aggregation

Coagulation Studies

  • Prothrombin Time (PT): measures extrinsic pathway and clotting ability of factors I, II, V, VII, and X, normal values: 11-15 seconds
  • International Normalised Ratio (INR): standardizes PT measurement
  • Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): measures effectiveness of common and intrinsic pathways, normal values: 30-40 seconds

Electrolytes

  • Calcium (Ca): essential for muscle contractility, cardiac function, neural transmission, and clotting, normal values: Ionised 1.1-1.3mmol/L, Serum Calcium 2.1-2.5mmol/L
  • Potassium (K): maintains cell positivity, important for protein synthesis, and acid-base balance, normal values: 3.5-4.5 mmol/L
  • Sodium (Na): most abundant ion in extracellular compartment, major determinant of intravascular osmolarity, helps regulate volemia, normal values: 135-145 mmol/L
  • Magnesium (Mg): mostly found intracellularly, critical for metabolic processes using ATP, increases intestinal absorption of Ca, and helps regulate Na/K ATPase pump, normal values: 0.7-1.0 mmol/L

Biochemistry

  • Creatinine Kinase (CK): enzyme found in heart, skeletal muscle, and brain, levels rise within 6 hours of damage, normal values: < 150 U/L
  • Urea (or Blood Urea Nitrogen, BUN): waste product of metabolized protein, excreted by the kidneys, normal values: < 10 mmol/L
  • Creatinine: catabolic product of creatine phosphate, excreted entirely by the kidneys, normal values: < 100 mmol/L

Liver Function

  • Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) < 55 U/L
  • Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) < 45 U/L
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) < 100 U/L
  • Bilirubin: orange-yellow pigment, by-product of Hb metabolism, eliminated via bile, normal value < 25 U/L
  • Albumin: produced in the liver, essential for colloid osmotic pressure, normal value 35-45 U/L

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  • Produced in bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for RBC maturation
  • Life span of 100-120 days, undergo apoptosis, and release hemoglobin (Hb)
  • Haematocrit: percentage of overall blood volume composed of RBCs, normal values: Males 45-55%, Females 35-45%
  • Haemoglobin: carries oxygen to tissues, normal values: Males 130-160g/L, Females 120-150g/L

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  • Produced in bone marrow (granulocytes and monocytes) and glandular tissues (lymphocytes)
  • 5 types of cells: polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polymorphonuclear eosinophils, polymorphonuclear basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
  • Lymphocyte life span: 4-8 hrs in blood, 4-5 days in tissues
  • White Cell Count: normal values: 4-12 x 10*9/L

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Particles of megakaryocyte cells
  • Size: 1/5 of RBC
  • Respond to endothelial injury, fully replaced every 10 days
  • Normal value: 150-450 x 10*9/L
  • 3 roles: Adhesion, Activation, and Aggregation

Coagulation Studies

  • Prothrombin Time (PT): measures extrinsic pathway and clotting ability of factors I, II, V, VII, and X, normal values: 11-15 seconds
  • International Normalised Ratio (INR): standardizes PT measurement
  • Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT): measures effectiveness of common and intrinsic pathways, normal values: 30-40 seconds

Electrolytes

  • Calcium (Ca): essential for muscle contractility, cardiac function, neural transmission, and clotting, normal values: Ionised 1.1-1.3mmol/L, Serum Calcium 2.1-2.5mmol/L
  • Potassium (K): maintains cell positivity, important for protein synthesis, and acid-base balance, normal values: 3.5-4.5 mmol/L
  • Sodium (Na): most abundant ion in extracellular compartment, major determinant of intravascular osmolarity, helps regulate volemia, normal values: 135-145 mmol/L
  • Magnesium (Mg): mostly found intracellularly, critical for metabolic processes using ATP, increases intestinal absorption of Ca, and helps regulate Na/K ATPase pump, normal values: 0.7-1.0 mmol/L

Biochemistry

  • Creatinine Kinase (CK): enzyme found in heart, skeletal muscle, and brain, levels rise within 6 hours of damage, normal values: < 150 U/L
  • Urea (or Blood Urea Nitrogen, BUN): waste product of metabolized protein, excreted by the kidneys, normal values: < 10 mmol/L
  • Creatinine: catabolic product of creatine phosphate, excreted entirely by the kidneys, normal values: < 100 mmol/L

Liver Function

  • Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) < 55 U/L
  • Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) < 45 U/L
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) < 100 U/L
  • Bilirubin: orange-yellow pigment, by-product of Hb metabolism, eliminated via bile, normal value < 25 U/L
  • Albumin: produced in the liver, essential for colloid osmotic pressure, normal value 35-45 U/L

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Description

This quiz covers the process of red blood cell production and maturation, including the role of erythropoietin. Learn about the steps involved in producing healthy RBCs.

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