Product, Service, and Process Design

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus when designing a product?

  • Automating all processes involved in product creation
  • Creating a visually appealing design without functionality
  • Maximizing production costs for profitability
  • Fulfilling a specific function or addressing a particular problem (correct)

Which phase follows the conceptualization of ideas in product design?

  • User testing and feedback collection (correct)
  • Market launching of the product
  • Ordering of raw materials for production
  • Creation of production timelines

What does service design primarily focus on?

  • Creating tangible products for consumers
  • Mapping user journeys and optimizing interactions (correct)
  • Maximizing profit margins through service automation
  • Designing complex manufacturing workflows

In process design, what is the main goal?

<p>To identify bottlenecks and streamline workflows (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is essential in understanding user needs during product design?

<p>Conducting extensive research on user behavior and preferences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of the iterative design process?

<p>Ignoring user feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can process design contribute to a manufacturing context?

<p>By redesigning assembly lines to improve productivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component in service design?

<p>Creating a clear customer feedback mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the hardness of the material be during machining?

<p>Within the permitted range (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is using standard parts important in product design?

<p>It can make the design infeasible at manufacturing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Design for Selling' concept?

<p>To create appealing products that meet customer desires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do companies generate new concepts for a product?

<p>Idea Creation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the research and development team in product feasibility?

<p>To analyze ideas and create prototypes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of customer testing during product testing?

<p>To gauge product effectiveness and gather feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does manufacturing process technology encompass?

<p>A range of tools, techniques, and systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are advances in material technology significant?

<p>They allow the development of specialized materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology has streamlined the design-to-production pipeline?

<p>Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do automation and mechanization play in manufacturing?

<p>They ensure consistent quality and efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the importance of shaping, forming, assembling, and finishing in manufacturing?

<p>Each operation is designed for a specific task. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does lean manufacturing focus on?

<p>Minimizing waste and enhancing efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is characterized by the reduction of material waste while allowing intricate designs?

<p>Additive manufacturing or 3D printing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CIM?

<p>To streamline communication between different manufacturing stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for ensuring precision in manufacturing through automation?

<p>Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do robots and automated guided vehicles play in a CIM environment?

<p>They perform repetitive and complex tasks with precision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using CIM systems?

<p>Real-time data collection for better decision-making. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is commonly associated with implementing CIM systems?

<p>Compatibility issues between integrated systems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which industry is NOT commonly associated with the use of CIM?

<p>Healthcare industry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does CIM enhance flexibility in manufacturing?

<p>By allowing quick adaptations to design or production requirements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What future advancements are expected to impact CIM significantly?

<p>The development of artificial intelligence and IoT. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of the process control component in CIM?

<p>It continuously monitors and optimizes operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Enterprise Integration in CIM focus on?

<p>Facilitating coordination between production and other business systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration of designers in the user-centered approach?

<p>Aligning with the needs of the target audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of design ensures that a solution is viable in the long term?

<p>Feasibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event marked a major shift in production processes during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Mechanization and steam power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Henry Ford introduce to revolutionize manufacturing?

<p>Assembly line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the focus of operations management change in the mid-20th century?

<p>It expanded to include service industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology emphasizes reducing waste and improving efficiency?

<p>Total Quality Management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does information technology play in the late 20th century POM?

<p>It enabled precise planning and control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration in product design for functionality?

<p>Strength and wear-ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Design for Making' imply in product design?

<p>Functional solutions must be manufacturable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Adam Smith's contributions during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>He emphasized efficiency through specialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do sustainability initiatives aim to achieve in production and operations?

<p>Reduce environmental impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept introduced by the Toyota Production System focuses on minimizing waste?

<p>Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of the production and operations management evolution in the 21st century?

<p>Emphasis on digital transformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of designing products, services, and processes?

<p>Creating value for users (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of Just-in-Time (JIT) production?

<p>Enhanced efficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)?

<p>Ability to quickly adapt to changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do advanced sensors play in modern manufacturing?

<p>Enable real-time monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) system differ from traditional manufacturing?

<p>It integrates multiple production aspects through computers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which manufacturing approach focuses on minimizing waste and optimizing resource usage?

<p>Lean manufacturing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main challenges of implementing a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>High initial investment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)?

<p>Modularity and adaptability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is primarily used in advanced manufacturing for transporting materials?

<p>Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the integration of computerized controls important in manufacturing?

<p>It allows seamless coordination of operations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits does automation provide in manufacturing?

<p>Consistency and precision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does real-time monitoring in manufacturing help to achieve?

<p>Optimized production processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of manufacturing is characterized by high standardization and automation?

<p>Mass production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of predictive maintenance tools in manufacturing?

<p>To ensure equipment is serviced before breakdowns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FMS support in terms of manufacturing principles?

<p>Lean manufacturing principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of service design?

<p>Optimizing interactions and user experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does process design primarily aim to identify?

<p>Bottlenecks and inefficiencies in workflows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial phase of product design?

<p>Conducting extensive research to understand user needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT typically utilized during service design?

<p>Developing visual sketches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of creating effective prototypes?

<p>Ensuring the product is functional and user-friendly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do feedback mechanisms play in service design?

<p>They contribute to continuously improving user experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is taken to improve manufacturing processes in process design?

<p>Reimagining workflows to enhance efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a critical part of product design?

<p>Extensive research on user needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of implementing CIM in manufacturing?

<p>Significant reductions in production time and costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of CIM is responsible for monitoring operations and adjusting parameters in real time?

<p>Process Control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do CAD tools play in the CIM workflow?

<p>They create detailed product models for analysis and refinement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does CIM enhance data-driven decision-making in manufacturing?

<p>By utilizing real-time data collection and analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is commonly faced when implementing CIM systems?

<p>Significant investment in technology and infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of CAM systems within CIM?

<p>To control and guide manufacturing machinery based on design specs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which industries is CIM widely applied?

<p>Automotive and aerospace (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of CIM allows for quick adaptation to design or production changes?

<p>Flexibility in manufacturing systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What future technologies are poised to enhance CIM further?

<p>Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback associated with the complexity of CIM systems?

<p>They demand skilled personnel for operation and maintenance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key consideration in the user-centered design approach?

<p>Incorporating feedback from stakeholders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of designing products, services, and processes?

<p>Creating value through problem-solving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept introduced by Henry Ford significantly impacted manufacturing efficiency?

<p>The assembly line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Design for Function' primarily emphasize in product development?

<p>Consumer expectations and usability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology has played a significant role in enhancing precision and planning in modern manufacturing?

<p>Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Scientific Management movement on production and operations management?

<p>It emphasized standardization and time studies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of operations management, what does sustainability aim to achieve?

<p>Reducing environmental impact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of the shift towards agile methodologies in production and operations management?

<p>Quick adaptation to changing market demands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of operations management became prominent after World War II?

<p>Operations research and optimization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major advantages of Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing?

<p>Elimination of waste and excess inventory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical element of product design related to manufacturing feasibility?

<p>Choosing materials and fastening devices strategically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which era did the introduction of mechanization and factories fundamentally change production processes?

<p>The Industrial Revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of modern manufacturing focuses on integration via technology like AI and IoT?

<p>Sustainability and digital transformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)?

<p>Reduced production lead times through automation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does automation impact flexible manufacturing systems?

<p>It enhances customization and flexibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)?

<p>A method that combines computer control with manufacturing processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do automated guided vehicles (AGVs) play in a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>They transport materials between workstations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of a traditional production line compared to a Flexible Manufacturing System?

<p>Standardization and rigidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adds to the complexity and cost of implementing a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>Advanced technology and skilled personnel necessity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Just-in-Time (JIT) production contribute to modern manufacturing?

<p>It reduces energy consumption via waste reduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit is most associated with the integration of IoT and smart sensors in manufacturing?

<p>Real-time monitoring and optimization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a flexible manufacturing system support lean manufacturing principles?

<p>By optimizing resource usage and reducing waste. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of implementing a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>High initial investment and complexity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is important in the context of a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>Ability to handle multiple operations with ease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the adaptability of a flexible manufacturing system from traditional systems?

<p>FMS can rapidly respond to production changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does modularity in a flexible manufacturing system benefit production?

<p>It enhances the ability to produce a range of products. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical function does a centralized control system provide in a flexible manufacturing system?

<p>It ensures consistency among various components. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect to consider for a product to be successful in the market?

<p>The product must be appealing and convenient for customers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what stage is a prototype developed to visualize a product's functionality?

<p>Product Feasibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the involvement of multiple employees beneficial during the idea creation phase?

<p>It helps develop ideas that better fit the company's brand and purpose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor influencing the choice of manufacturing processes?

<p>The nature of the product and the production scale. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the successful completion of the product testing phase indicate?

<p>The product may need further modifications based on customer feedback. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology has greatly impacted manufacturing by allowing complex designs to be produced easily?

<p>Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does automation play in manufacturing process technology?

<p>It significantly enhances speed, accuracy, and consistency in production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In manufacturing, which method is commonly used for manipulating the properties of metals?

<p>Casting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of lean manufacturing?

<p>To maximize resource usage while minimizing waste. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a prototype during the product development process?

<p>To evaluate the feasibility of the product concept in practical terms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of manufacturing process technology is influenced by advances in material technology?

<p>The choice of processing techniques used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of 3D printing contributes significantly to its efficiency?

<p>The ability to create customized components with minimal waste. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for fasteners used in intricate designs?

<p>They must be of a size that is widely available in the market. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is operational convenience important in product design?

<p>It ensures that products are user-friendly and enhance customer satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur after product testing if the feedback indicates improvements are necessary?

<p>The product goes back to the research and development team for revisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Product Design

Creating tangible items that solve a problem or meet a need using user-centered methods.

Service Design

Creating seamless experiences between service providers and users.

Process Design

Optimizing workflows to improve efficiency and alignment with organizational goals.

User-centered design

Designing solutions around the needs and wants of the users.

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Iterative Design

A cyclical process of refining a design based on testing.

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Prototyping

Creating models or simulations to test different design ideas.

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Research

Gathering information about users and their needs prior to design to design for the users' needs effectively.

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User Journey Mapping

Visualizing user interaction with a service throughout the entire experience.

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Design for Selling

A product must be desirable to customers, even if functional and easy to produce. Features like appearance and convenience are crucial depending on customer needs.

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Product Design Steps

Creating a new product involves: Idea creation, feasibility analysis, testing, and launch.

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Idea Creation

Generating new product concepts to meet customer needs and company goals.

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Product Feasibility

Evaluating if a product can be physically created and manufactured using available resources.

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Product Testing

Evaluating a product's effectiveness and identifying areas for improvement through testing with employees or consumers.

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Manufacturing Process Technology

The tools, techniques, and systems used to create products from raw materials.

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Standard Parts

Pre-made components used in product design. Using them results in less expensive and faster designs.

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Design Stage Constraints

Specifications like material hardness limits, availability of fasteners, and operational convenience of machinery.

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Feasibility

The ability of a product to be realized based on current technological capabilities and resources.

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Customer Testing

Obtaining feedback on a product by presenting it to customers to evaluate their reactions and suggestions for improvement..

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Automation

Replacing or assisting manual tasks with machinery to increase efficiency and quality.

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3D Printing

An additive manufacturing technique used to create complex shapes and designs with minimal waste.

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CAD/CAM

Computer-aided design and manufacturing softwares that streamline the design-to-production process, creating more detailed designs.

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Manufacturing Technology Options

Different ways a product can be made, from casting to machining or forming

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Sustainability in design

Considering the long-term environmental impact of a design solution.

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Scalability in design

Ensuring a design can adapt to increasing demand or usage.

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Feasibility in design

Ensuring a design is viable and achievable within the constraints (e.g., budget, resources).

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Artisan production

Handmade goods, often focusing on uniqueness and craftsmanship, common in early civilizations.

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Industrial Revolution

Period of significant technological advancements and mechanization in production during the late 18th and 19th centuries.

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Scientific Management

Approach focused on optimizing labor productivity through methods like time studies and standardized work.

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Assembly line

Production method where tasks are divided and workers perform repetitive actions, increasing efficiency.

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Standardized parts

Identical parts that can be replaced during manufacturing and maintenance which allows for higher production efficiency through faster assembly.

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Design for Function

Ensuring product performs its intended task effectively and satisfyingly to the customer.

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Design for Making

Considering the manufacturing process during design and ensuring the product is feasible to build given its materials and components.

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Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing

Managing inventory effectively, aiming to receive goods only when needed, eliminating excess.

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Total Quality Management (TQM)

Improving quality by reducing defects and enhancing procedures throughout the design and manufacturing processes.

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Operations Management

The design, operation and improvement of systems to create, produce and deliver goods and services efficiently.

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CIM Core Concept

Eliminating barriers between manufacturing stages through real-time communication and coordination across all functions.

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CIM Integration

Combining design, production, and business systems like ERP and SCM to create a unified manufacturing process.

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Design Automation in CIM

Using CAD software to create detailed product models that can be analyzed and refined virtually before manufacturing.

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Production Automation in CIM

Using CAM systems to control manufacturing machinery based on the design data, ensuring precision and efficiency.

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Process Control in CIM

Supervisory systems that monitor and optimize operations, adjusting parameters like temperature and speed in real time.

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CIM Workflow

A continuous process beginning with product conceptualization and design, transitioning to manufacturing instructions, and ending with automated production and quality control.

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Benefits of CIM

Increased efficiency, improved accuracy, flexibility, data-driven decision making, and integration across functions.

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Challenges of CIM

High investment costs, complex integration, and skilled personnel requirements.

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Applications of CIM

Widely used in industries like automotive, aerospace, electronics, and consumer goods where precision, efficiency, and scalability are crucial.

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Future of CIM

Evolution towards intelligence and connectivity using technologies like AI, IoT, and cloud computing for predictive maintenance, real-time optimization, and greater adaptability.

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Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)

An advanced production setup that efficiently produces various products with minimal downtime, adapting quickly to changing production needs (product design, volume, customization).

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FMS Modularity

The ability of an FMS to accommodate different product types and changes in demand, unlike rigid, single-product lines.

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FMS Automation

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) or conveyor systems, robotic arms, and advanced sensors improving consistency and reducing production lead times in an FMS.

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FMS Capacity Utilization

FMS's ability to handle multiple tasks and switch between them effectively, allowing for cost-effective production of smaller batches.

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FMS Software

Advanced software and data management systems enabling real-time monitoring, decisions, and optimization of production processes in FMS.

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Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

A sophisticated production approach where computers control and integrate all aspects of manufacturing (design to delivery).

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CIM Seamless Connection

Integration of different functions in production (design, planning, production, delivery), leading to greater efficiency.

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CIM Automation

Advanced software, hardware, and communication technologies used in CIM to create an automated data-driven manufacturing environment.

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Just-in-Time Production (JIT)

A process technology that reduces waste and resource consumption by regulating production based on demand.

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Waste Reduction

Techniques aimed at decreasing waste and resource utilization in manufacturing processes.

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Closed-Loop Recycling

Recycling systems that recover and reuse materials within the manufacturing cycle effectively reducing waste.

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Mass Production

A manufacturing process that involves highly standardized and automated operations to achieve economies of scale.

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Custom Manufacturing

Manufacturing approach designed to accommodate small batches and unique specifications.

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What is product design?

Creating tangible items that solve a problem or meet a user's need through a user-centered and iterative approach.

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What is service design?

Creating seamless interactions between service providers and users by optimizing the user's journey.

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What is process design?

Optimizing workflows and operational systems to improve efficiency and alignment with organizational goals.

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What is user-centered design?

Designing solutions based on the needs and wants of the user, giving them the best experience.

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What is iterative design?

A cyclical process of refining a design based on testing and feedback.

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What is prototyping?

Creating models or simulations to test different design ideas before making a final product.

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How is research used in product design?

Gathering information about users and their needs to understand their problems and find solutions.

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What is user journey mapping?

Visualizing how a user interacts with a service throughout the entire experience.

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Just-in-Time (JIT) Production

A method focused on minimizing waste by producing goods only when needed, reducing excess inventory.

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What are the key advantages of a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)?

FMS offers flexibility to adapt to changing needs, increased efficiency with automation, and cost-effectiveness in producing smaller batches.

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What is the core principle of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)?

CIM aims to integrate all stages of manufacturing through computer control, creating a seamless and automated process.

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Design Automation

Using CAD software to create detailed product models that can be analyzed and refined virtually before manufacturing.

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Production Automation

Using CAM systems to control manufacturing machinery based on the design data, ensuring precision and efficiency.

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Process Control

Supervisory systems that monitor and optimize operations, adjusting parameters like temperature and speed in real time.

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Enterprise Integration

Connecting production with business systems like ERP and SCM, facilitating inventory management, procurement, and scheduling.

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Study Notes

1.1 Designing Products, Services, and Processes

  • Designing products, services, and processes is an iterative, user-centered approach to problem-solving.
  • Focuses on understanding user needs and crafting practical, efficient, and engaging solutions.
  • Product design involves research, conceptualization, prototyping, and testing to create a functional and appealing product.
  • Service design focuses on creating seamless experiences between users and service providers.
  • Process design optimizes workflows, identifies inefficiencies, and improves operational systems.
  • A user-centered approach, incorporating stakeholder feedback, ensures alignment with target audience needs.
  • Sustainability, scalability, and feasibility are crucial throughout the design process.

1.2 Historical Evolution of Production and Operations Management

  • Early production relied on artisanal methods and localized small-scale processes.
  • The Industrial Revolution introduced mechanization and steam power, leading to factory-based production.
  • Adam Smith promoted efficiency through specialization, and Eli Whitney pioneered interchangeable parts.
  • Scientific management, pioneered by Taylor, optimized labor productivity with time studies and standardized methods.
  • Ford's assembly line revolutionized manufacturing, enabling mass production.
  • Operations management expanded to include service industries in the mid-20th century.
  • Operations research, developed during WWII, optimized resource allocation, and was later applied to business.
  • The rise of quality management, with Deming and Juran promoting quality as a competitive advantage.
  • Just-in-Time (JIT) and Total Quality Management (TQM) were introduced in the latter half of the 20th century.
  • Information technology transformed manufacturing through computer systems, ERP, automation, and CAD/CAM.
  • Modern production focuses on sustainability, agility, digital transformation, AI, IoT, and blockchain.

1.3 New Product Design

  • Design for Function: Products must perform expected functions. Factors include strength, wear-ability, and user satisfaction.
  • Design for Making: Designs must be manufacturable. Consider materials, fasteners, and machinery operational convenience.
  • Design for Selling: Designs must appeal to customers. Appearance and usability are important factors.
  • STEPS OF PRODUCT DESIGN:
    • Idea Creation: brainstorming and developing product concepts beneficial to the company and customer.
    • Product Feasibility: R&D analyzes ideas, creates prototypes, and evaluates manufacturability.
    • Product Testing: Employees and customers test prototypes, gather feedback, and identify areas for improvement.

1.4 Manufacturing Process Technology

  • Manufacturing processes convert raw materials into finished goods through structured steps.
  • Technologies aim for efficiency, precision, and quality while minimizing waste.
  • Automation and mechanization increasingly replace manual tasks.
  • Material science influences process selection based on material properties.
  • Digital technologies like CAD/CAM and 3D printing streamline design-to-production.
  • Lean and sustainable manufacturing reduces waste and environmental impact.
  • Flexibility in manufacturing adapts to different production scales (mass vs. custom).

1.5 Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)

  • FMS is designed for efficiently and adaptively producing various products.
  • It integrates automated machinery with computerized controls.
  • Modular design allows for quick response to product changes in volume, design, or customization.
  • Automation (robotics, AGVs) improves consistency and reduces lead times.
  • Adaptable to small batches and cost-effective production.
  • Advanced software and data management improve real-time monitoring and decision-making.
  • Requires significant investment but yields long-term benefits.

1.6 Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

  • CIM integrates computers across all manufacturing aspects (design, planning, production, delivery).
  • Design Automation (CAD), Production Automation (CAM), Process Control, and Enterprise Integration (ERP, SCM) are key components.
  • CIM aims for seamless communication, eliminating traditional barriers.
  • Real-time feedback, monitoring, and data-driven decision-making enhance efficiency.
  • Increased efficiency, accuracy, flexibility, and data-driven decision making are benefits of CIM.
  • Requires significant investment and skills but offers long-term competitiveness.
  • Widely used in industries like automotive, aerospace, and electronics.
  • CIM is evolving with AI, IoT, and cloud computing for further sophistication.

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