Problem Solving Theories and Types

A problem arises when an individual has a goal but lacks the knowledge or means to achieve it.

A problem that requires a sudden realization or a 'flash of insight' to solve, often involving a shift in perception. Examples include the two-string problem.

Problems solved through a series of steps, often involving a structured approach. Examples include the Tower of Hanoi puzzle and solving algebraic equations.

A theory suggesting that insight problems require a change in the mental representation of the problem. This can occur through elaboration (adding details), constraint relaxation (loosening assumptions), or re-encoding (changing the way information is understood).

A problem-solving strategy where you try to relax or change the perceived rules or constraints of a problem to find a solution. An example is the nine-dot problem, where you need to think outside the box to connect the dots.

A problem-solving approach developed by Newell and Simon, which suggests that problem-solving involves moving through a 'problem space' between the initial state and the goal state. It utilizes heuristics like means-ends analysis and hill climbing.

A problem-solving heuristic that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subproblems, evaluating the difference between the current state and the goal state, and then selecting an action to reduce that difference.

A problem-solving heuristic that involves choosing the option that seems to lead most directly to the goal, even if it doesn't guarantee the optimal solution.

A problem-solving strategy where you keep taking steps that move you closer to the goal, even if those steps seem small or insignificant. It's like climbing a mountain, always going uphill, but not necessarily towards the highest peak.

A mental block that prevents you from seeing a familiar object in a new and useful way. It's like assuming a box is only for holding tacks, even though it could be used for something else.

The process of applying knowledge or skills from a previous situation to a new one. It can be positive, if the previous knowledge helps you solve the new problem, or negative, if it hinders you.

The similarity between two problems in terms of their obvious features or elements. For example, two problems both involve using lasers could have high surface similarity.

The similarity between two problems in terms of their underlying structure or principles. For example, two problems both require finding a way to bypass an obstacle could have high structural similarity.

A problem-solving strategy that involves finding the solution by combining different ideas or approaches. It's like converging multiple paths to reach the same destination.

A problem-solving strategy that involves finding a way to overcome a barrier or obstacle. It's like finding an open passage to reach your destination.

When a previous problem or experience helps you solve a new problem, it can be beneficial, especially if they share structural similarity.

When a previous problem or experience hinders or interferes with the solution of a new problem. It can happen if there's a mismatch in structural similarity or if you get stuck on irrelevant details.

A mental process that involves finding a sudden and unexpected solution to a problem, often after a period of frustration or impasse.

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