Cognitive Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary advantage of using heuristics in problem-solving?

  • They require extensive calculations.
  • They involve trial-and-error methods.
  • They always guarantee a correct answer.
  • They reduce mental efforts needed to make decisions. (correct)

    • An algorithm is a trial-and-error method that does not guarantee a correct answer.

    False

    Name one limitation of using algorithms in problem-solving.

    They can be time-consuming and require detailed information.

    Thomas Edison is known for using the __________ approach to finding a working light bulb filament.

    <p>trial-and-error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following problem-solving methods with their definitions:

    <p>Trial-and-Error = Trying and failing repeatedly to achieve a goal Algorithms = Step-by-step procedures that yield correct results Heuristics = Mental shortcuts for quick problem solving Smashed = Participants' response to seeing broken glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is chiefly responsible for the understanding of written and spoken language?

    <p>Wernicke’s Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluency aphasia is a condition where patients know they are not speaking correctly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is insight learning, and who explored it with chimpanzees?

    <p>Insight learning is when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem; it was explored by Wolfgang Kohler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Kohler's experiment, the chimpanzees piled up boxes to reach the ______.

    <p>banana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Aphasia = A speech problem Fluency Aphasia = Patients are unaware of speech errors Insight Learning = Sudden realization to solve a problem Gestalt Psychology = Focuses on perception and problem-solving in human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Availability Heuristic rely on?

    <p>Easily recalled examples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broca’s Area is primarily responsible for understanding language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest distinctive sound in a language called?

    <p>phoneme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ stage is characterized by consonant-vowel pairs and occurs around 3-4 months after birth.

    <p>babbling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of language development with their descriptions:

    <p>Babbling stage = Characterized by uttering sounds unlike the family language One-word stage = Learned that sounds carry meaning and can begin to say small words Two-word stage = Telegraphic speech mostly using nouns and verbs Telegraphic speech = Efficient and concise communication usually around the second birthday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that language develops through operant conditioning?

    <p>Behaviorist Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis was proposed by Noam Chomsky.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smallest meaningful units of language?

    <p>morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to learn language rapidly as children is theorized to occur through a __________ device.

    <p>language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cognitive biases is true?

    <p>They can influence the way we assess probabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language development only occurs through biological processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens around 10 months in terms of language recognition for infants?

    <p>Infants recognize their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a cognitive bias is the __________ heuristics.

    <p>anchoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cognitive dissonance primarily concerned with?

    <p>The way the brain processes conflicting information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leon Festinger's experiment involved participants lying about enjoying a boring task.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one method suggested to Clive Wearing to help with his memory.

    <p>Journaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list.

    <p>primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is characterized by conscious recollection of facts or events?

    <p>Explicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sleep is an example of semantic memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during shallow processing?

    <p>Involves encoding only physical qualities and sound without deep meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of new information.

    <p>Proactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of memory with its description:

    <p>Episodic Memory = Specific events or experiences Semantic Memory = General knowledge about the world Procedural Memory = Skills and how to perform them Implicit Memory = Unintentional memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the concept of constructive memory?

    <p>Elizabeth Loftus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recency effect allows individuals to remember items better from the middle of a list.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is depth of processing in relation to memory?

    <p>It refers to the level at which information is processed, predicting that deeper analysis leads to longer-lasting memory traces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ effect suggests that memories can be altered by the way questions are phrased.

    <p>misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hippocampus in relation to memory?

    <p>To transfer short-term memories to long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term memory is exclusively stored in acoustic format.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Dissonance

    • Cognitive Dissonance is the brain's way of processing information, where thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and values are in disharmony.
    • Dissonance occurs when actions don't align with beliefs, creating an inconsistency.
    • People resolve this by adjusting their thoughts or behaviors. Examples include changing beliefs ("I don't eat donuts past noon"), or changing behaviors.
    • Leon Festinger's classic experiment demonstrated cognitive dissonance by having participants perform a boring task and then report to others that it was enjoyable.

    Cognitive Dissonance Experiment

    • Festinger's experiment showed that people paid $1 were more likely to report the task as enjoyable than those paid $20.
    • This suggests that justifying a small reward requires more psychological effort to adjust their beliefs, making them more likely to change their perception of the task.

    Metacognition and Clive Wearing

    • Metacognition involves thinking about thinking.
    • Clive Wearing, a man in England, suffered herpesviral encephalitis which damaged his hippocampus.
    • As a result, he could not form new memories.

    Sensory Memory

    • Sensory memory briefly holds sensory information.
    • George Sperling's research showed that sensory memory only lasts very briefly.

    Short-Term and Long-Term Memory

    • Short-term memory holds information for seconds, while long-term memory stores information for much longer periods.
    • Primacy and recency effects are related to remembering the beginning and end items in a list more easily than those in the middle.
    • Information is encoded acoustically (sounds) in short-term memory.

    Long-Term Memory

    • Information in LTM is organized semantically (meaning-based). Words with similar meaning are grouped together.
    • Episodic memories are specific events, and semantic memories are general knowledge. Explicit memories are conscious, while implicit memories are not.

    Retrieval Errors

    • Proactive Interference occurs when old information interferes with remembering new information.
    • Retroactive Interference is when new information interferes with remembering old information.
    • Levels of processing theory suggests deeper processing leads to longer-lasting memories.

    Deep Processing

    • Deep processing involves encoding the meaning of information and relating it to existing knowledge.
    • Deep processing leads to better memory than shallow processing (rehearsing words without understanding their meaning).
    • Constructive memory points out that memories are not always accurate and can be influenced by factors like misinformation or suggestions.

    Language Development

    • Language development stages include babbling, one-word, and two-word stages.
    • Language acquisition devices (LAD) suggest humans have innate abilities for learning language.
    • Behaviorists believe language is learned through imitation and reinforcement.
    • Nativists believe language abilities are innate.

    Cognitive Biases

    • Cognitive biases are mental shortcuts that can lead to errors in judgment or decision making.

    Language Structure

    • Language is composed of phonemes (sounds in words), morphemes (smallest units of meaning), syntax (rules of grammar), and semantics (meaning).

    Insight Learning

    • Insight learning occurs when a solution to a problem is suddenly apparent; it is not through trial-and-error.
    • Wolfgang Kohler's chimpanzee experiment exemplifies insight learning.

    Broca's and Wernicke's Areas

    • Broca's area is involved in speech production.
    • Wernicke's area is involved in understanding language.
    • Damage to these areas can lead to aphasia (speech problems).

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    Unit 2: Cognition Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the strategies and cognitive functions involved in problem-solving. This quiz covers heuristics, algorithms, and the neurological basis of language comprehension. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in psychology and cognitive science.

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