Problem Solving and Python Programming

A compiler is a program that converts source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code.

An assembler is a program that converts assembly language code into machine code.

An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without compiling them into machine code.

<p>A debugger is a tool that helps programmers test and debug their code by allowing them to step through the code, inspect variables, and view execution flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characteristics of an algorithm include finiteness, definiteness, input, output, and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>They provide a clear and structured problem-solving approach. 2. They can be analyzed for efficiency and effectiveness.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Algorithms can be complex to design and understand. 2. They may not handle all types of problems effectively.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process or algorithm, illustrating the steps and decision points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assembly language is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics and symbols to represent machine-level code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machine language is the lowest-level programming language consisting of binary code that a computer's processor can execute directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Flowcharts provide a visual representation of workflows, making complex processes easier to understand. 2. They help in debugging and improving the efficiency of processes.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Flowcharts can become complicated and cumbersome for complex processes. 2. They may not provide a comprehensive view of detailed processes.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-level language refers to programming languages that provide little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>They offer greater control over hardware. 2. They typically result in faster execution speeds due to their proximity to machine code.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-level language is a programming language that abstracts the details of the computer's hardware, making it easier for humans to understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>They are easier to learn and use compared to low-level languages. 2. They allow for faster development and debugging.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Problem solving is the process of identifying a problem, analyzing its components, and developing a solution. Steps include: 1. Identify the problem, 2. Define goals, 3. Generate alternatives, 4. Evaluate options, 5. Implement the solution, 6. Monitor and adjust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a specific problem. Characteristics include clarity, efficiency, and finiteness. Example: An algorithm to sort a list of numbers is clear and finite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A flowchart is a diagram that represents a series of actions or steps. Notations include ovals for start/end, rectangles for processes, diamonds for decisions. Example: A flowchart to demonstrate a simple decision-making process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advantages: 1. Provide structured problem-solving methods. 2. Can be reused and modified. Limitations: 1. Can be too complex. 2. May not cover all possible scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Advantages: 1. Visual clarity and simplicity. 2. Easier debugging. Limitations: 1. Complexity for larger processes. 2. Can become cluttered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Algorithms provide a linear sequence of steps, while flowcharts provide a visual representation of the decision-making process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudo code is a high-level description of an algorithm that uses simplified language to outline the logic. Advantages: 1. Easy to understand. 2. Language-agnostic. Limitations: 1. Not executable. 2. Lack of formal syntax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A programming language is a formal set of instructions used to produce various kinds of outputs. Types include low-level (assembly, machine) and high-level (Python, Java).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indentation is the use of spaces at the beginning of a line of code to indicate block structure in programming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The slice operator is used to extract a portion of a sequence by specifying the start and end indices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A comment is a non-executable text in the source code that is used to explain the code to readers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The index() function returns the lowest index of the substring in the string.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The if statement is used to execute a block of code based on whether a specified condition is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The break statement is used to exit a loop prematurely when a certain condition is met.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The continue statement skips the current iteration of a loop and proceeds to the next iteration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pass statement is a null operation that is syntactically required but does nothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutable refers to objects whose state or value can be changed after their creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immutable refers to objects whose state or value cannot be changed after their creation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes, used to represent text data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A list is an ordered collection of items that can be changed, allowing duplicate elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tuple is an ordered collection of items that cannot be changed once created, allowing duplicate elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A set is an unordered collection of unique items, where duplicates are not allowed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs that allows for fast lookups based on keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task, taking inputs and returning outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax: <code>def function_name(parameters):</code> followed by the block of code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An anonymous function, or lambda function, is a small function defined without a name, often used for short-term tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Features include syntax simplicity, portability, extensive libraries, and dynamic typing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comments are written using the <code>#</code> symbol for single-line comments and triple quotes for multi-line comments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Lists are mutable while tuples are immutable. 2. Lists allow duplicate elements while tuples do as well.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p><code>print([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])</code></p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The range() function generates a sequence of numbers. Parameters include start, stop, and step.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pop() removes and returns an item at a specific index while del removes an item without returning it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use the <code>extend()</code> method or <code>+=</code> operator to add multiple elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A function is a block of reusable code designed to perform a specific task. Syntax: <code>def function_name(parameters):</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Python supports various data types including strings, integers, floats, lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slicing allows extracting portions of sequences (like strings and lists) using start and end indices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>String methods include <code>.upper()</code>, which converts a string to uppercase, and <code>.strip()</code>, which removes whitespace from both ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A while loop executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true. Example: <code>while count &lt; 5: print(count)</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A for loop iterates over a sequence. Example: <code>for item in [1, 2, 3]: print(item)</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>a) if evaluates a condition and executes code if true. b) if else evaluates a condition and executes one of two blocks based on truth. c) while repeatedly executes code while a condition is true. d) for iterates over an iterable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Input-output operations can be performed using <code>input()</code> for reading user input and <code>print()</code> for displaying output. Example: <code>name = input('Enter your name: ')</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tuple() converts an iterable into a tuple, count() returns the number of occurrences of an element, and index() returns the first occurrence of an element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>copy() creates a shallow copy of the dictionary; get() retrieves the value for a given key; items() returns (key, value) pairs; keys() returns all the keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Union combines two sets, intersection finds common elements, difference finds unique elements of one set, and symmetric difference finds elements in either set but not both. Example: A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, A | B = {1, 2, 3}, A &amp; B = {2}, A - B = {1}, A ^ B = {1, 3}.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax to define: <code>def function_name(parameters):</code>. To call: <code>function_name(arguments)</code>. Example: <code>def greet(name): print('Hello, ' + name)</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Function arguments are inputs passed to a function. They can be positional or keyword arguments, which affect how functions receive data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global variables are defined outside functions and accessible throughout the program, while local variables are defined within functions and only accessible there. Example: <code>x = 5</code> (global), <code>def func(): y = 10</code> (local).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An anonymous function, or lambda function, is a small function defined with the <code>lambda</code> keyword. Example: <code>add = lambda x, y: x + y</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><code>def add(a, b): return a + b</code> and calling <code>result = add(5, 7)</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A class is a blueprint for creating objects, defining attributes and methods associated with those objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An object is an instance of a class, encapsulating data and behavior as defined by the class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance is a mechanism that allows one class (child) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (parent).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hybrid inheritance is a combination of multiple inheritance and hierarchical inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hierarchical inheritance occurs when multiple classes inherit from a single parent class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A class is a blueprint for creating objects. Syntax: <code>class ClassName: pass</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An object is an instance of a class. Syntax: <code>object_name = ClassName()</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance is the mechanism of acquiring properties from another class. Advantages include code reusability, easier maintenance, and establishing relationships between classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syntax: <code>class ChildClass(ParentClass): pass</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relationships include parent-child and sibling relationships among derived classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Example: <code>class Dog: def bark(self): print('Woof!')</code>. You can then create an object: <code>my_dog = Dog()</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance allows one class to inherit attributes from another. Types include single, multiple, multilevel, and hierarchical inheritance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single inheritance involves one parent class; multiple inheritance involves multiple parents; multilevel involves classes in a chain; hierarchical involves multiple children from a single parent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Example: <code>class Car: def drive(self): return 'Driving'</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Example: <code>class Animal: pass class Dog(Animal): pass</code>. This shows creating a subclass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements, used to organize related code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>os 2. sys 3. math 4. datetime.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li> <code>math.sqrt(x)</code>: returns the square root of x. 2. <code>math.factorial(x)</code>: returns x!. 3. <code>math.pow(x, y)</code>: returns x raised to the power of y. 4. <code>math.pi</code>: constant for π.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A package is a collection of Python modules organized in a directory hierarchy. Types include standard library packages and third-party packages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A module is a file containing Python code. Syntax to create: <code># Create a file named mymodule.py</code>. To import: <code>import mymodule</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A user-defined package is a package created by a user. Syntax to create: <code># Organize modules in a directory with __init__.py</code>. To import: <code>import package_name.module_name</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Create a file named <code>mymodule.py</code> with <code>def greet(): return 'Hello!'</code>. Import it using <code>import mymodule</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Create a directory named 'mypackage' with an <code>__init__.py</code> file. Inside, create a module. Import with <code>import mypackage.module_name</code>.</p> Signup and view all the answers