Questions and Answers
What drug class does Probenecid belong to?
What is the chemistry name of Probenecid?
Sulfonamide derivative
What is the action of Probenecid?
Inhibits tubular reabsorption of urates, which increases excretion of uric acid
Which of the following are uses of Probenecid? (Select all that apply)
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What are the contraindications of Probenecid? (Select all that apply)
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What should patients do when taking Probenecid?
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Which of the following are side effects of Probenecid? (Select all that apply)
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What is the half-life of Probenecid?
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How does Warfarin affect the body?
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What are the common uses of Warfarin? (Select all that apply)
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What are some contraindications for Warfarin? (Select all that apply)
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What should be monitored during Warfarin treatment?
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What is the primary action of Nicotine Lozenges?
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What is a common side effect of Nicotine Lozenges? (Select all that apply)
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What should patients do when taking Nicotine Lozenges?
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What should be administered in case of Warfarin overdose?
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Study Notes
Probenecid Overview
- Class: Uricosuric antigout agent
- Chemical Structure: Sulfonamide derivative
- Mechanism: Inhibits tubular reabsorption of urates, enhancing uric acid excretion
Uses of Probenecid
- Treats hyperuricemia in gout
- Indicated for gouty arthritis
- Functions as an adjunct to penicillin therapy
Contraindications of Probenecid
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Severe renal or hepatic disease
- History of uric acid calculus
- Contraindicated during pregnancy and in children
Administration Guidelines
- Recommended to take with food or milk
- Increased fluid intake is advised to promote kidney function
Side Effects of Probenecid
- CNS effects: Drowsiness, headache, flushing
- Cardiovascular effects: Bradycardia
- Gastrointestinal issues: Gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, hepatic necrosis
- General: Increased thirst frequency, rash, itching, fever
- Metabolic disturbances: Acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia
- Respiratory symptoms: Irregular breathing patterns
Pharmacokinetics for Probenecid
- Peak effect: 2-4 hours
- Duration of action: 8 hours
- Half-life: 5-8 hours
Drug-Drug Interactions
- Augments effects of acyclovir, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and penicillin, increasing toxicity risk
Nursing Considerations for Probenecid
- Regular assessment of uric acid levels (normal: 3-7 mg/dL)
- Monitor patient mobility, joint pain, swelling, and respiratory rate
- Conduct electrolyte CO2 testing before and during treatment
- Evaluate urine pH and output
- Educate patients on avoiding over-the-counter medications unless prescribed, increasing water consumption, and abstaining from alcohol and caffeine
Warfarin Overview
- Class: Anticoagulant
- Chemical Structure: Coumarin derivative
- Mechanism: Disrupts blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors synthesis in the liver
Uses of Warfarin
- Treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, DVT, arterial thromboembolism
- Prophylaxis for myocardial infarction (MI) and post-MI stroke
- Unlabeled uses include treatment for angina and unstable angina
Contraindications of Warfarin
- Conditions like hemophilia, leukemia with active bleeding, peptic ulcers, and liver disease
- Presence of aneurysms, stroke, or bleeding tendencies
- Recent eye or CNS surgery
Administration Guidelines for Warfarin
- Consistency in dosing time is crucial for maintaining therapeutic blood levels
- Food may delay absorption rate but will not affect overall absorption
Pharmacokinetics of Warfarin
- Onset: 12-24 hours, with peak effect between 1.5-4 days
- Duration of action: 3-5 days
- Half-life: 20-60 hours
Side Effects of Warfarin
- CNS symptoms: Fever, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, lethargy
- Cardiovascular issues: Angina, chest pain, edema, hypotension, syncope
- Gastrointestinal reactions: Diarrhea, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, cramps, hepatitis
- Risk of hematuria, hemorrhage, leukopenia
- Dermatologic reactions: Rash, dermatitis, alopecia, and severe allergic reactions like anaphylaxis and purple toe syndrome
Drug-Drug Interactions with Warfarin
- Interactions noted with acetaminophen, aspirin, alcohol, and various herbal products
Nursing Considerations for Warfarin
- Regular assessment of patient's blood studies
- Avoid over-the-counter medications without guidance
- Patients should carry an identification badge verifying their warfarin use
- Educate on the significance of the medication and monitor for signs of bleeding, using soft-bristle toothbrushes for oral care
Warfarin Overdose Management
- Administration of Vitamin K is the primary treatment for overdose
Nicotine Lozenge Overview
- Classification: Smoking deterrent
- Chemical Class: Ganglionic and cholinergic agonist
- Mechanism: Acts as an agonist at nicotinic receptors, influencing sympathetic ganglia and adrenal release of catecholamines
Uses of Nicotine Lozenges
- Primarily used to assist in smoking cessation efforts
Contraindications of Nicotine Lozenges
- Not recommended immediately after MI recovery
- Caution advised in patients with severe angina, vasospastic disease, diabetes, or esophagitis
Side Effects of Nicotine Lozenges
- CNS effects: Dizziness, insomnia, vertigo, headaches, confusion, seizures, depression
- Cardiovascular side effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, edema, flushing, hypertension
- Oral gastrointestinal effects: Jaw ache, indigestion, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation
- Respiratory symptoms: Breathing difficulties, cough, sneezing, wheezing
Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine Lozenges
- Onset: 15-30 minutes
- Half-life: 2-3 hours
Drug-Drug Interactions with Nicotine Lozenges
- May increase vasoconstriction and blood pressure
- Can diminish the effectiveness of A-blockers, such as insulin
Nursing Considerations for Nicotine Lozenges
- Assess patient's to monitor smoking habits
- Advise careful use of the lozenge for maximum effectiveness in smoking cessation efforts
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Test your knowledge on Probenecid with these flashcards. Explore its drug class, chemical name, actions, and various uses in treating conditions such as gout. Perfect for students and professionals in pharmacology and medicine.
