49 Questions
Who is considered the 'Father of Probation' in the United States?
John Augustus
In which year were probation laws introduced for adult offenders in Massachusetts?
1891
What does the term 'probatio' mean?
Period of proving or trial
Which country has a strong belief that sentencing practices are 'too lenient'?
Canada
Who conducted research on public attitudes toward sentencing in Canada?
Varma
What is the main focus of probation in the United States?
Help over punishment
When were probation laws introduced for youth offenders in Massachusetts?
1878
Who are probation officers in the United States?
Volunteers
What is the general perception of probation in the United States?
Skepticism - does probation 'work'
Who introduced probation laws for adult offenders in New York?
Roberts
Which country had the first provincial probation department in Canada?
Ontario
Who is known for the 'Nothing Works' Doctrine?
Robert Martinson
In which decade did probation services in the United States experience expansion?
1960s
What is the main job of a probation officer?
To investigate the circumstances of each person brought before court
Which Act in Canada introduced probation for youth offenders?
Juvenile Delinquents Act
What is the maximum term of imprisonment for which probation can be included as a disposition?
2 years
Which country's National Advisory Commission on CJ Standards and Goals referred to probation as the 'brightest hope for corrections'?
United States
Who stated that probation officers should 'know what a man is as well as what he has done'?
John Augustus
What are the standard conditions of probation?
Keep the peace, be of good behavior, appear before court when required
Who conducted academic critiques of probation and is known for the 'Nothing Works' Doctrine?
Robert Martinson
Who is considered the 'Father of Probation' in the United States?
John Augustus
What is the main focus of probation in the United States?
Help over punishment
What does the term 'probatio' mean?
Period of proving or trial
Which Act in Canada introduced probation for youth offenders?
Youth Criminal Justice Act
In which decade did probation services in the United States experience expansion?
1900s
Who introduced probation laws for adult offenders in New York?
Unknown
When were probation laws introduced for youth offenders in Massachusetts?
1878
What are the standard conditions of probation?
Varies by jurisdiction
Who are probation officers in the United States?
Paid professionals
Which term refers to the violation of a probation condition that must be proven in court?
Breach 733.1
What is the trend in probation admissions in Canada in recent years?
Declining trend
What is the probation rate per 100,000 adults in Canada in 2021/22?
209.8
Which province/territory in Canada had the highest probation rate per 100,000 in 2017?
Manitoba
What is the maximum term of imprisonment for which probation can be included as a disposition?
2 years
Who introduced the concept of probation in New York for adult offenders?
John Augustus
Who conducted research on public attitudes toward sentencing in Canada?
Ouimet
What is the main job of a probation officer?
Provide services and supervision
According to the text, what is the general perception of probation in the United States?
Brightest hope for corrections
What is the main focus of probation in the United States?
Provide services and supervision
Which of the following is true about an offender who fails to comply with a probation order without reasonable excuse?
All of the above.
What must be proven in court for an offender to be found guilty of failing to comply with a probation order without reasonable excuse?
actus reus and mens rea
What is the potential consequence for an offender on probation who misses a curfew?
All of the above.
What is the term used to describe the situation where probation and technical violations lead to more people being involved in the justice system?
net widening
Which racial group is disproportionately concentrated on probation in the United States?
Black Americans
What percentage of all cases in adult court are breach of probation offences in Canada?
9%
According to qualitative studies, what are the potential impacts of probation and technical violations on individuals?
employment, housing, health, and social relations
What is the term used to describe the situation where persons who would have otherwise been released by the police or not charged by the Crown counsel are involved in the justice system due to diversion programs?
net widening
What proportion of Black men are on probation in the United States?
1 in 12
What proportion of white men are on probation in the United States?
1 in 41
Test your knowledge on probation history and overview with this quiz. Learn about the purpose and conditions of probation, as well as public perceptions of its effectiveness. Explore the concept of probation and its role in the criminal justice system.
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