Podcast
Questions and Answers
What distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
What distinguishes probability sampling from non-probability sampling?
- In probability sampling, some members of the population have no chance of being selected.
- Non-probability sampling requires a complete list of the population.
- Probability sampling ensures every member has a known, non-zero chance of selection. (correct)
- Non-probability sampling is less prone to bias than probability sampling.
Which scenario exemplifies simple random sampling?
Which scenario exemplifies simple random sampling?
- Choosing every nth individual from a list.
- Selecting participants based on their availability at a specific location.
- Dividing the population into subgroups and sampling proportionally from each.
- Drawing names from a hat to select participants. (correct)
A researcher uses a table of random numbers to select participants for a study. What initial step is essential?
A researcher uses a table of random numbers to select participants for a study. What initial step is essential?
- Applying a systematic selection interval.
- Determining the range of numbers to be used. (correct)
- Clustering the population into geographic regions.
- Stratifying the population into subgroups.
In a school with 500 students, you need to select 5 for a raffle using a table of random numbers. Having determined the range, what is the next step?
In a school with 500 students, you need to select 5 for a raffle using a table of random numbers. Having determined the range, what is the next step?
What is the defining characteristic of systematic sampling?
What is the defining characteristic of systematic sampling?
A researcher wants to survey employees and decides to interview every 8th person on the company roster. What is this sampling technique?
A researcher wants to survey employees and decides to interview every 8th person on the company roster. What is this sampling technique?
In systematic sampling, after arranging the population and assigning numbers, what is the next critical step?
In systematic sampling, after arranging the population and assigning numbers, what is the next critical step?
To study the academic performance of students in a university, a researcher selects every 20th name from an alphabetized list of all students. If the list contains 5,000 students, what is the sample size when using the systematic sampling?
To study the academic performance of students in a university, a researcher selects every 20th name from an alphabetized list of all students. If the list contains 5,000 students, what is the sample size when using the systematic sampling?
What is the primary goal of stratified sampling?
What is the primary goal of stratified sampling?
A researcher wants to study opinions on a new policy at a company. The company is divided into departments: Marketing (30 employees), Sales (50 employees), and IT (20 employees). If the researcher decides to use stratified sampling for a total sample of 40 employees, approximately how many employees should be selected from the Sales department?
A researcher wants to study opinions on a new policy at a company. The company is divided into departments: Marketing (30 employees), Sales (50 employees), and IT (20 employees). If the researcher decides to use stratified sampling for a total sample of 40 employees, approximately how many employees should be selected from the Sales department?
When using stratified sampling, what formula is used to determine sample size per strata?
When using stratified sampling, what formula is used to determine sample size per strata?
What action is undertaken after the required sample size per strata has been determined?
What action is undertaken after the required sample size per strata has been determined?
What is the defining characteristic of cluster sampling?
What is the defining characteristic of cluster sampling?
Which of these scenarios best describes cluster sampling?
Which of these scenarios best describes cluster sampling?
A researcher wants to survey families using a new product in a town. How might they use cluster sampling?
A researcher wants to survey families using a new product in a town. How might they use cluster sampling?
An office clerk provided a researcher with a list of 500 eleventh grade students. The researcher selected every 20th name on the list. Which sampling technique was used?
An office clerk provided a researcher with a list of 500 eleventh grade students. The researcher selected every 20th name on the list. Which sampling technique was used?
In a recent research done in a private school, the subjects of the study were selected using the table of random numbers. Which sampling technique was used?
In a recent research done in a private school, the subjects of the study were selected using the table of random numbers. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of Cebu for his research on population. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of Cebu for his research on population. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher is doing a research work on the students' reaction to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 10th student entering the gate of the school. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher is doing a research work on the students' reaction to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 10th student entering the gate of the school. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers from each of the categories: high school graduate, with undergraduate degrees, with masters' degree, and with doctoral degree. Which sampling technique was used?
A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers from each of the categories: high school graduate, with undergraduate degrees, with masters' degree, and with doctoral degree. Which sampling technique was used?
Which of the following defines convenience sampling?
Which of the following defines convenience sampling?
What is the defining feature of purposive sampling?
What is the defining feature of purposive sampling?
How would you describe snowball sampling?
How would you describe snowball sampling?
Which scenario exemplifies quota sampling?
Which scenario exemplifies quota sampling?
Which of the following defines snowball sampling?
Which of the following defines snowball sampling?
Which of the following defines quota sampling?
Which of the following defines quota sampling?
In a study aiming to understand the experiences of undocumented immigrants, a researcher starts by interviewing a few known individuals and asks them to refer other potential participants within their network. What sampling method is being used?
In a study aiming to understand the experiences of undocumented immigrants, a researcher starts by interviewing a few known individuals and asks them to refer other potential participants within their network. What sampling method is being used?
A marketing firm needs to gather opinions on a new product from a diverse set of consumers. They decide to interview 50 males and 50 females in different age groups at a shopping mall. Which sampling method are they most likely using?
A marketing firm needs to gather opinions on a new product from a diverse set of consumers. They decide to interview 50 males and 50 females in different age groups at a shopping mall. Which sampling method are they most likely using?
A researcher is conducting a study on consumer preferences for a new type of snack. To gather data quickly, they set up a booth in a local shopping mall and interview passerby who are willing to participate until they reach the desired sample size. What sampling method is being employed?
A researcher is conducting a study on consumer preferences for a new type of snack. To gather data quickly, they set up a booth in a local shopping mall and interview passerby who are willing to participate until they reach the desired sample size. What sampling method is being employed?
Flashcards
Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
A sampling technique where every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.
Non-Probability Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
A sampling technique where the chance of a member being selected cannot be calculated or is zero.
Simple Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
A type of probability sampling where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Fishbowl Method
Fishbowl Method
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Table of Random Numbers
Table of Random Numbers
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Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
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Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling
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Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling
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Convenience Sampling
Convenience Sampling
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Purposive Sampling
Purposive Sampling
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Snowball Sampling
Snowball Sampling
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Quota Sampling
Quota Sampling
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Study Notes
- The lesson objectives cover differentiating probability from non-probability sampling techniques, identifying types of probability (random) sampling, and identifying types of non-probability (biased) sampling.
Sampling Methods
- Probability sampling is based on every member (population element) having a known (non-zero) chance of being selected.
- Non-probability sampling is a technique where the chance of any member (population element) being selected for a sample cannot be calculated (unknown) or can be zero.
- Probability sampling is also known as random sampling.
- Non-probability sampling is also known as biased sampling.
Types of Probability Random Sampling
- Simple Random Sampling
- Stratified Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
- The sample is chosen randomly, providing equal chances for all members.
- Methods to utilize include Fishbowl Method and Table of Random Numbers.
Simple Random Sampling with Table of Random Numbers - Example 1
- Example: In a school raffle with 500 participants, picking 5 lucky winners uses a table of random numbers.
- STEP 1: Determine the range.
- STEP 2: Choose a starting point.
Simple Random Sampling with Table of Random Numbers - Example 2
- To choose 5 lucky raffle winners from 40 students, use a table of random numbers.
- STEP 1: Determine the range.
- STEP 2: Choose a starting point.
Systematic Sampling
- Involves selecting one member for every nth of the population.
- Example: Listing 200 students' names alphabetically and selecting every 3rd student.
- Starting point may be chosen at random.
Steps in Systematic Sampling
- Randomly arrange the elements in the population.
- Assign a number to each element in the population.
- Find the sampling interval k.
- Randomly select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k + 1; this is called a random start.
- Use the random start as the first element, then select every kth element.
Systematic Sampling - Example
- Selecting 80 numbers from a list of random numbers involves using a systematic sampling technique.
Stratified Sampling
- Stratified sampling involves dividing the sample into subgroups before drawing random samples. Example:
- Population = 200, Sample = 60
- Year 7 - Total 30 (Proportional Number = 9)
- Year 8 - Total 30 (Proportional Number = 9)
- Year 9 - Total 40 (Proportional Number = 12)
- Year 10 - Total 30 (Proportional Number = 9)
- Year 11 - Total 30 (Proportional Number = 9)
- Year 12 - Total 40 (Proportional Number = 12)
Steps in Stratified Sampling
- Obtain the same size per strata using:
- number of students in the strata / population size * sample size
- After finding the required number of samples per strata, select them using Simple Random Sample or other sampling methods.
Stratified Sampling - Example
- Interviewing 200 students from a school with varying grade sizes (1200 in grade 7, 1100 in grade 8, 1050 in grade 9, 940 in grade 10, 900 in grade 11, and 810 in grade 12) requires selecting based on stratified sampling.
Cluster Sampling
- In cluster sampling, the entire population gets broken into clusters and are randomly selected.
Cluster Sampling - Example
- If a researcher wants to determine who among the families in a small town are using the new detergent product, they sample using the cluster sampling technique.
Practice Exercises - Random Sampling
- The office clerk gives the researcher a list of 500 grade 11 students, and the researcher selects every 20th name on the list.
- Subjects of a study in private school were selected using the table of random numbers.
- A researcher interviews people from each town in the province of Cebu for his research on population.
Practice Exercises - Other Examples
- A researcher interviews every 10th student entering the school to study student reaction to a newly implemented mathematics curriculum.
- To study effects of educational attainment on promotion, a researcher surveys 50 randomly selected workers from the categories: high school graduates, with undergraduate degrees, with masters' degrees, and with doctoral degrees.
Types of Non-probability Random Sampling
- Convenience sampling includes people easy to reach.
- Purposive sampling involves nonrandom selection of participants on purpose.
- Snowball sampling is a type of purpose sampling where existing participants recruit future subjects from their acquaintances.
- Quota sampling involves the researcher setting a quota; once met, the remaining participants can be chosen freely.
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