Principles of Teaching and Learning in Child Guidance
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Questions and Answers

According to Piaget's sensorimotor stage, how do human beings gain information from their environments?

  • Through their senses (correct)
  • Through their memories
  • Through their imaginations
  • Through their emotions

    • What is the primary characteristic of the Id, according to Freud?

  • Emotional and impulsive
  • Conscious and moral
  • Rational and reasonable
  • Raw, unorganized, and innate (correct)

    • What is the primary focus of the behavioral perspective?

  • Internal thoughts and feelings
  • Social and cultural influences
  • Biological and genetic factors
  • Observable behavior and environmental stimuli (correct)

    • During the preoperational thought stage, how do children understand the world?

    <p>Through physical action and concrete materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Ego, according to Freud?

    <p>Rational and reasonable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Superego, according to Freud?

    <p>Conscious and moral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the early years, children tend to be _______________?

    <p>Egocentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with advocating for a behavioral perspective?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are perceptions in the context of children?

    <p>Subjective, personal evaluations children make regarding their sense of competence, worth, and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-discipline according to Marion (1995)?

    <p>Voluntary, internal regulation of behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of self-disciplined children?

    <p>They resist temptation and delay gratification, independent of supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of moral realism in children?

    <p>Belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which self-discipline evolves?

    <p>Outside-in developmental process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adherence in the context of self-discipline?

    <p>Becoming capable of responding to external controls applied by parents and teachers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does moral relativism begin to develop in children?

    <p>Around 8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do children have no sense of right or wrong?

    <p>Infancy stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Gilligan's theory?

    <p>The significance of caring and responsibility to others in moral reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the outside-in developmental process of self-discipline?

    <p>Achieving greater self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Turiel, what do moral judgments represent?

    <p>A domain of social judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of children who have achieved self-discipline?

    <p>They initiate positive social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of play in children's learning?

    <p>It is a fun and essential part of the learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences children's learning, according to the principles of childhood learning?

    <p>Both maturation and dispositions and perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of dispositions in children's learning?

    <p>They are a lifelong foundation for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children form about themselves and about school through their experiences?

    <p>Perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate form of discipline?

    <p>Internalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children who do not learn certain skills in early childhood have a harder time achieving internalization later on?

    <p>Because they haven't developed skills and understandings that contribute to internalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internalization give children?

    <p>A reference for figuring out how to behave appropriately in all kinds of situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of initiating positive social acts?

    <p>Lefika shares his toy animals with the new comer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of resisting temptation?

    <p>Self-talking to prevent carrying out the forbidden act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do children begin to use internal thought processes but still depend on external control for guidance?

    <p>Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children who have internalized certain behaviors understand the reasons behind acceptable and unacceptable actions?

    <p>Because they are aware of others' feelings and the impact of their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ability to rationalize eliminate the need for?

    <p>Constant adult supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of guilt in children's emotional development?

    <p>To serve as a brake, causing children to reconsider or stop their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age are children more capable of self-regulation than 2-year-olds?

    <p>4 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the understanding of others' feelings and reacting with a complimentary affect?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary developmental direction of self-discipline in children?

    <p>Simple to complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompts children to engage in positive actions in response to others' feelings?

    <p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of children's self-discipline as they mature?

    <p>Increasing self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that contributes to age differences in self-discipline?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way children learn to control their behaviors?

    <p>Through learning to pay attention to internal emotional signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Guiding Young Children

    • Theoretical foundations of child guidance:
      • Human beings gain information from their environments through their senses (Piaget's sensorimotor stage)
      • Every individual has a preferential modality that works best for them (visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, and tactile)
      • In the early years, understanding comes through physical action and concrete materials (preoperational thought stage)

    Aspects of Personality

    • According to Freud, three aspects of personality are:
      • Id: raw, unorganized, innate part of personality; present at birth; seeks instant gratification
      • Ego: rational and reasonable part of personality
      • Superego: represents a person's conscious, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong

    Behavioral Perspective

    • Behavioral perspective suggests that observable behavior and environmental stimuli are keys to understanding development
    • This perspective is supported by Skinner and Watson

    Classical Conditioning

    • John B. Watson (1878-1958) was one of the first American psychologists to advocate for a behavioral perspective

    Piaget's Views

    • Between 5 and 7 years, children are in a stage of moral realism (rules must be followed and cannot be changed)
    • Immanent justice (belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment) is characteristic of moral realism
    • At about 8 years, moral relativism (understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along) begins

    Kohlberg's Theory

    • Three levels of moral reasoning, beginning with obedience to authority and ending with decisions based on moral principles
    • Support for the theory: people progress through the stages in sequence, and moral reasoning is linked to moral behavior
    • Cross-cultural evidence is inconsistent

    Beyond Kohlberg's Theory

    • Gilligan: caring and responsibility to others are more important than justice in moral reasoning
    • Eisenberg: most moral dilemmas involve choosing between self-interest and helping others
    • Turiel: moral judgments represent one of several domains that make up social judgments

    Principles of Childhood Learning

    • Children's learning is influenced by maturation
    • Children are active learners, and their whole bodies are instruments of learning
    • Children learn through play, and play is fun
    • Children's learning is influenced by dispositions and perceptions

    Dispositions

    • Dispositions are the typical reactions people develop towards various life events (e.g., to be curious or apathetic)
    • Dispositions have a foundation in early childhood and last a lifetime
    • Dispositions can be strengthened or weakened by educational practices

    Perceptions

    • Perceptions are subjective, personal evaluations children make regarding their sense of competence, worth, and security
    • Perceptions result in children regarding school as worthwhile or useless, rewarding or punitive, enjoyable or tedious

    Helping Young Children Develop Positive Behavioral Skills

    • Promoting self-discipline in children involves:
      • Acting in socially acceptable ways based on reasoning
      • Concern for others
      • Understanding of acceptable and unacceptable behavior

    Self-Discipline

    • Self-discipline is the voluntary, internal regulation of behavior
    • It involves controlling negative impulses, resisting temptation, and delaying gratification

    Stages of Self-Discipline

    • No regulation: infants have no sense of right or wrong
    • Adherence (external regulation): children become capable of responding to external controls applied by parents and teachers
    • Identification (shared regulation): children begin to use internal thought processes but still depend on external control for guidance
    • Internalization: the construction of a personal sense of right and wrong

    Developmental Influences of Self-Discipline

    • Children's capacity for self-discipline increases with maturity
    • Developmental factors contributing to age differences include emotions, cognitive and language development, and memory skills

    Emotional Development

    • Emotions provide children with strong, internal signals regarding the appropriateness or inappropriateness of their behaviors
    • The two most important emotional regulators are guilt and empathy

    Guilt and Empathy

    • Guilt warns children that their actions are inappropriate and serves as a brake, causing them to reconsider or stop their actions
    • Empathy is the understanding of others' feelings and reacting with complimentary affect, prompting children to engage in positive actions in response to others' actions

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    Quiz on the principles of teaching and learning in child guidance, covering theoretical foundations of child development and learning styles.

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