Principles of Teaching and Learning in Child Guidance

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Questions and Answers

According to Piaget's sensorimotor stage, how do human beings gain information from their environments?

Through their senses (correct)

Through their memories

Through their imaginations

Through their emotions

What is the primary characteristic of the Id, according to Freud?

Emotional and impulsive

Conscious and moral

Rational and reasonable

Raw, unorganized, and innate (correct)

What is the primary focus of the behavioral perspective?

Internal thoughts and feelings

Social and cultural influences

Biological and genetic factors

Observable behavior and environmental stimuli (correct)

During the preoperational thought stage, how do children understand the world?

Through physical action and concrete materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Ego, according to Freud?

Rational and reasonable Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the Superego, according to Freud?

Conscious and moral Signup and view all the answers

During the early years, children tend to be _______________?

Egocentric Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with advocating for a behavioral perspective?

John B. Watson Signup and view all the answers

What are perceptions in the context of children?

Subjective, personal evaluations children make regarding their sense of competence, worth, and security Signup and view all the answers

What is self-discipline according to Marion (1995)?

Voluntary, internal regulation of behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-disciplined children?

They resist temptation and delay gratification, independent of supervision Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of moral realism in children?

Belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which self-discipline evolves?

Outside-in developmental process Signup and view all the answers

What is adherence in the context of self-discipline?

Becoming capable of responding to external controls applied by parents and teachers Signup and view all the answers

At what age does moral relativism begin to develop in children?

Around 8 years Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children have no sense of right or wrong?

Infancy stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Gilligan's theory?

The significance of caring and responsibility to others in moral reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of the outside-in developmental process of self-discipline?

Achieving greater self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

According to Turiel, what do moral judgments represent?

A domain of social judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children who have achieved self-discipline?

They initiate positive social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of play in children's learning?

It is a fun and essential part of the learning process Signup and view all the answers

What influences children's learning, according to the principles of childhood learning?

Both maturation and dispositions and perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of dispositions in children's learning?

They are a lifelong foundation for learning Signup and view all the answers

What do children form about themselves and about school through their experiences?

Perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate form of discipline?

Internalization Signup and view all the answers

Why do children who do not learn certain skills in early childhood have a harder time achieving internalization later on?

Because they haven't developed skills and understandings that contribute to internalization Signup and view all the answers

What does internalization give children?

A reference for figuring out how to behave appropriately in all kinds of situations Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of initiating positive social acts?

Lefika shares his toy animals with the new comer Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of resisting temptation?

Self-talking to prevent carrying out the forbidden act Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do children begin to use internal thought processes but still depend on external control for guidance?

Identification Signup and view all the answers

Why do children who have internalized certain behaviors understand the reasons behind acceptable and unacceptable actions?

Because they are aware of others' feelings and the impact of their actions Signup and view all the answers

What does the ability to rationalize eliminate the need for?

Constant adult supervision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of guilt in children's emotional development?

To serve as a brake, causing children to reconsider or stop their actions Signup and view all the answers

At what age are children more capable of self-regulation than 2-year-olds?

4 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the understanding of others' feelings and reacting with a complimentary affect?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental direction of self-discipline in children?

Simple to complex Signup and view all the answers

What prompts children to engage in positive actions in response to others' feelings?

Empathy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of children's self-discipline as they mature?

Increasing self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that contributes to age differences in self-discipline?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way children learn to control their behaviors?

Through learning to pay attention to internal emotional signals Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Guiding Young Children

Theoretical foundations of child guidance:
- Human beings gain information from their environments through their senses (Piaget's sensorimotor stage)
- Every individual has a preferential modality that works best for them (visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, and tactile)
- In the early years, understanding comes through physical action and concrete materials (preoperational thought stage)

Aspects of Personality

According to Freud, three aspects of personality are:
- Id: raw, unorganized, innate part of personality; present at birth; seeks instant gratification
- Ego: rational and reasonable part of personality
- Superego: represents a person's conscious, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong

Behavioral Perspective

Behavioral perspective suggests that observable behavior and environmental stimuli are keys to understanding development
This perspective is supported by Skinner and Watson

Classical Conditioning

John B. Watson (1878-1958) was one of the first American psychologists to advocate for a behavioral perspective

Piaget's Views

Between 5 and 7 years, children are in a stage of moral realism (rules must be followed and cannot be changed)
Immanent justice (belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment) is characteristic of moral realism
At about 8 years, moral relativism (understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along) begins

Kohlberg's Theory

Three levels of moral reasoning, beginning with obedience to authority and ending with decisions based on moral principles
Support for the theory: people progress through the stages in sequence, and moral reasoning is linked to moral behavior
Cross-cultural evidence is inconsistent

Beyond Kohlberg's Theory

Gilligan: caring and responsibility to others are more important than justice in moral reasoning
Eisenberg: most moral dilemmas involve choosing between self-interest and helping others
Turiel: moral judgments represent one of several domains that make up social judgments

Principles of Childhood Learning

Children's learning is influenced by maturation
Children are active learners, and their whole bodies are instruments of learning
Children learn through play, and play is fun
Children's learning is influenced by dispositions and perceptions

Dispositions

Dispositions are the typical reactions people develop towards various life events (e.g., to be curious or apathetic)
Dispositions have a foundation in early childhood and last a lifetime
Dispositions can be strengthened or weakened by educational practices

Perceptions

Perceptions are subjective, personal evaluations children make regarding their sense of competence, worth, and security
Perceptions result in children regarding school as worthwhile or useless, rewarding or punitive, enjoyable or tedious

Helping Young Children Develop Positive Behavioral Skills

Promoting self-discipline in children involves:
- Acting in socially acceptable ways based on reasoning
- Concern for others
- Understanding of acceptable and unacceptable behavior

Self-Discipline

Self-discipline is the voluntary, internal regulation of behavior
It involves controlling negative impulses, resisting temptation, and delaying gratification

Stages of Self-Discipline

No regulation: infants have no sense of right or wrong
Adherence (external regulation): children become capable of responding to external controls applied by parents and teachers
Identification (shared regulation): children begin to use internal thought processes but still depend on external control for guidance
Internalization: the construction of a personal sense of right and wrong

Developmental Influences of Self-Discipline

Children's capacity for self-discipline increases with maturity
Developmental factors contributing to age differences include emotions, cognitive and language development, and memory skills

Emotional Development

Emotions provide children with strong, internal signals regarding the appropriateness or inappropriateness of their behaviors
The two most important emotional regulators are guilt and empathy

Guilt and Empathy

Guilt warns children that their actions are inappropriate and serves as a brake, causing them to reconsider or stop their actions
Empathy is the understanding of others' feelings and reacting with complimentary affect, prompting children to engage in positive actions in response to others' actions

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Description

Quiz on the principles of teaching and learning in child guidance, covering theoretical foundations of child development and learning styles.