Principles of Routine Exodontia & Maxillary Expansion

Removing teeth that are in abnormal positions (impacted) to prevent issues like periodontal disease, caries, pericoronitis, root resorption, or prosthetic issues.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a 3D imaging technique used in dentistry, helping clinicians visualize tooth anatomy and treatment effects.

Categorizing impacted mandibular third molars based on angulation (relative to the second molar), relationship to the ramus (Pell & Gregory Class 1-3), and occlusal plane (Pell & Gregory A-C).

Extractions are a necessary step in some orthodontic treatments for impacted teeth, to achieve successful outcomes, resolving various dental issues.

The ease of accessing the impacted tooth is a key factor in selecting removal methods by the dental clinician.

A surgical procedure involving reflecting a flap, removing overlying bone, sectioning the tooth, and using an elevator for removal before closing the wound.

Removing impacted teeth can help prevent gum disease because it addresses potential irritation and infection that can lead to issues like gum recession.

A condition where the third molar tooth (wisdom tooth) in the lower jaw is not in its normal position, often impacted.

An impacted tooth that is angled away from the second molar, making its removal more complex.

Roots of impacted teeth that are elongated and slender, increasing risk of fracture during removal.

Roots of impacted teeth that diverge or curve, adding complexity to the extraction process.

A thin space between the tooth root and bone, increasing the likelihood of damage or injury during removal.

A third molar impacted tooth that is tilted towards the second molar, typically the easiest to remove.

A soft tissue structure behind the last molar, often removed to expose the impacted tooth.

Dividing the impacted tooth into parts, often using a bur, for easier removal.

Carbides are made of tungsten carbide and used for cutting tooth structure with less chatter, while diamonds are stainless steel with diamond particles for grinding, but can overheat tooth structure.

The force exerted on teeth during biting and chewing, ranging from 200 to 3500 Newtons (N).

Internal resistance a body exerts against an applied force, calculated as force per unit area.

Pascals (Pa) or Megapascals (MPa).

Stress caused by two forces pulling in opposite directions along a straight line.

Stress caused by two forces pushing towards each other along the same line.

Stress caused by two parallel forces that are not aligned along the same straight line.

Stress caused by forces acting in a rotational movement.

Stress caused by forces acting in different directions, causing bending.

The deformation of a body in response to stress, measured as the change in length per unit of original length.

The point on a stress-strain curve where the relationship between stress and strain becomes nonlinear.

The maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation.

The range of stress where the material will return to its original shape after the stress is removed.

The amount of stress needed to permanently strain a material by a specific amount (typically 0.2%).

The maximum strength a material can withstand before it breaks or fractures.

A measure of a material's stiffness, calculated as the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range.

PFM crowns combine the strength of metal with the aesthetics of ceramic, offering natural-looking restorations with high durability and good marginal fit.

PFM crowns require significant tooth reduction, are less aesthetically pleasing than all-ceramic crowns, and have increased periodontal concerns due to subgingival margins.

PFM crowns are indicated for extensive tooth destruction, offering better aesthetics than cast metal while providing the benefits of metal.

PFM crowns are contraindicated where other, more conservative options are available, such as periodontal disease or in young patients with large pulp chambers.

PFM crowns consist of a cast metal-ceramic alloy framework with a higher fusing range and lower thermal expansion than gold.

A dental crown made entirely of metal, offering strength and durability but limited aesthetics.

A crown made entirely of ceramic material, providing excellent aesthetics and biocompatibility but potentially lower strength than metal-based crowns.

A type of dental bridge supported by wings bonded to adjacent teeth, offering a minimally invasive solution for tooth replacement.

A temporary, short-term dental prosthesis used primarily for esthetics, space maintenance, and functional restoration while the permanent prosthesis is being prepared.

Interim prostheses differ from definitive prostheses in material (resins vs. cast metal), duration of use, and priority (esthetics vs. function).

A type of removable partial denture made from flexible nylon resin that offers esthetics, comfort, and durability.

A removable partial denture combining the strength of a cast metal framework with the esthetics and comfort of a thermoplastic resin base.

The process of evaluating the health status of the pulp tissue within a tooth, based on its response to stimuli like cold.

A healthy pulp tissue responds to cold stimuli with a quick, sharp pain that dissipates within a few seconds.

A condition where the pulp tissue is irritated but still capable of healing, characterized by sharp pain that resolves quickly after the stimulus.

A severe condition where the pulp tissue is damaged beyond repair and requires treatment, with persistent sharp pain that may eventually turn into a throbbing pain.

Resurfacing the denture's base with new material to improve fit when it's loose. Can be done with hard or soft materials depending on the need.

Replacing the entire base of the denture. Used when the original base doesn't fit properly anymore due to bone loss or other changes in the mouth.

A temporary, soft material used to reline dentures, often used for immediate dentures.

A permanent, hard material used to reline dentures, done in a lab setting.

A common denture problem caused by bone loss or changes in the gum tissue.

Different ways to take an impression of the mouth for relines or rebases.

A static impression using the denture with a liner of impression material.

An impression using a tissue conditioner that changes shape as the patient uses the denture.