Principles of Ocular Drug Administration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for ocular history when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, or treatment?

  • Inflammation affecting drug effectivity
  • Previous history of eye surgery (correct)
  • Current ocular conditions
  • Use of other ocular medications

    • What should be considered when assessing medical history for ocular drug administration?

  • Family history of diabetes
  • Drug interactions (correct)
  • Allergy to seafood
  • Previous history of glaucoma

    • Which type of medications may result in a cardiovascular effect when combined with Phenylephrine?

  • Antibiotics
  • Steroids
  • MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants (correct)
  • Antihistamines

    • What effect may be seen when combining topical steroid with a family history of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)?

    <p>Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an ocular history consideration when using drugs for ocular diagnosis or treatment?

    <p>Use of other ocular medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential concern when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, or treatment in the presence of inflammation?

    <p>Reduced drug effectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a finished drug product is also known as an excipient?

    <p>Wetting agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a wetting agent in a finished drug product?

    <p>To improve the spreadability of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a finished drug product functions as a preservative?

    <p>Buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to refer to the tonicity equivalent in a finished drug product?

    <p>Buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major functional barrier to ocular penetration?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is a major source of drug metabolizing enzymes?

    <p>Ciliary Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye serves as a depot for injected or surgically implanted drugs?

    <p>Vitreous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of drugs influences which tissues act as reservoirs versus barriers in ocular drug kinetics?

    <p>Molecular properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the aqueous humor play in the route of drugs in the eye?

    <p>Facilitates drug distribution from the bloodstream to the anterior chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye prevents drug movement from blood to vitreous/retina?

    <p>Retina capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH environment is more compatible with the epithelium than neutral or acidic for ophthalmic solutions?

    <p>Slightly alkaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are resisted by healthy epithelium due to its continuous layer of plasma membrane to tear film?

    <p>Hydrophilic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye serves as a reservoir for hydrophilic drugs?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is characterized by nonspecific or low affinity binding of lipophilic drugs?

    <p>Pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is a major site of absorption and is biphasic in solubility for corneal penetration?

    <p>Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of drugs is responsible for their distribution and bioavailability in ocular drug administration?

    <p>Rate of passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of pregnancy drugs presents a definite fetal risk and should be avoided?

    <p>Category X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for the use of phenylephrine (especially 10%)?

    <p>Thyroid disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern regarding the use of systemic steroids in patients with diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Exacerbation of diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is contraindicated in congestive heart disease, bradycardia, and AV block?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the updated drug labeling, which category of drugs has no risk to the fetus?

    <p>Category A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the 'Lactation' subsection of drug labeling provide?

    <p>Amount of drug in breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the updated drug labeling includes information on pregnancy testing and contraception?

    <p>Females and Males of Reproductive Potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is contraindicated in hypertension?

    <p>Adrenergic agonists (phenylephrine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a contraindication for the use of cyclopentolate?

    <p>CNS disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the updated drug labeling, which category of drugs presents a risk to the fetus that cannot be ruled out?

    <p>Category C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the updated drug labeling provides detailed information on potential risks to the developing fetus?

    <p>Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Compartment' refer to in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Region of tissue or fluid through which a drug can diffuse and equilibrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick’s first law of diffusion, what affects drug absorption?

    <p>Other drugs, preservatives, infection, inflammation, neuronal control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kinetics is most common in ocular drug movement?

    <p>First order kinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of zero-order kinetics?

    <p>Release of drug is constant over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels eliminate drugs via active transport?

    <p>Retinal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes extended release medications compared to immediate release medications?

    <p>Drug level more consistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of prodrugs?

    <p>Better penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dipivalyl epinephrine in the cornea?

    <p>Pivalyl groups are removed by esterases, leaving epinephrine to act at receptor sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is valacyclovir classified as?

    <p>Prodrug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes soft drugs?

    <p>Transformed by enzymes to inactive form with fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines site specific drugs?

    <p>Transformed into inactive metabolite shortly after entering target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hard drugs?

    <p>Non-metabolized or if metabolized, often results in toxic products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes immediate release medications from extended release medications?

    <p>Pill is formulated so drug is released slowly over time (usually 12-24 hours)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a prodrug?

    <p>It is an inactive derivative of an active drug that is converted to the active drug/metabolite after tissue penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs are produced/developed from living organisms or contain components of living organisms?

    <p>Biologics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monoclonal antibodies (mAB) primarily used for?

    <p>Stimulating the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are biosimilars named?

    <p>With a distinguishing suffix without meaning and composed of 4 lowercase letters attached to the core name of the original biological</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does osmolarity measure?

    <p>The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperosmolar tears on the corneal epithelial cells?

    <p>They attract water from the corneal epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using preservatives in drug formulations?

    <p>To destroy or inhibit the multiplication of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of preservative is benzalkonium chloride (BAC or BAK)?

    <p>Detergent (Surfactant)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biologic?

    <p>A drug produced/developed from living organisms or containing components of living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes monoclonal antibodies (mAB) from human antibodies?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies are specific for a single antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does osmolarity measure?

    <p>The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of benzalkonium chloride as a preservative?

    <p>Disruption of corneal cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of chlorobutanol as a preservative?

    <p>Disruption of corneal cell membranes via lipid interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative?

    <p>Disruption of microbial cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite) as a preservative?

    <p>Broad antimicrobial effect (bacterial, fungal, viral)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of sodium perborate as a preservative?

    <p>Alters protein synthesis within bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of thimerosal as a preservative?

    <p>Contact sensitivity/allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Sorbate (sorbic acid) as a preservative?

    <p>Limited antimicrobial activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between benzalkonium chloride and chlorobutanol as preservatives?

    <p>Chlorobutanol does not act like a surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) and stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite) as preservatives?

    <p>Polyquad size affects cell interaction, while Purite dissociates into water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between thimerosal and sodium perborate as preservatives?

    <p>Thimerosal causes contact sensitivity/allergic reactions, while sodium perborate alters protein synthesis within bacterial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between sorbate (sorbic acid) and SofZia as preservatives?

    <p>SofZia penetrates membrane and alters DNA, protein and lipid components, while sorbate dissociates in cytoplasm and releases protons to inhibit growth via acidification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of preservative causes bacterial cell death by interacting with lipid components in the cell membrane?

    <p>Detergent (Surfactant)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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