69 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a consideration for ocular history when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, or treatment?
Previous history of eye surgery
What should be considered when assessing medical history for ocular drug administration?
Drug interactions
Which type of medications may result in a cardiovascular effect when combined with Phenylephrine?
MAO inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants
What effect may be seen when combining topical steroid with a family history of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)?
Increased intraocular pressure (IOP)
Which of the following is an example of an ocular history consideration when using drugs for ocular diagnosis or treatment?
Use of other ocular medications
What is a potential concern when using drugs for ocular examination, diagnosis, or treatment in the presence of inflammation?
Reduced drug effectivity
Which component of a finished drug product is also known as an excipient?
Wetting agent
What is the role of a wetting agent in a finished drug product?
To improve the spreadability of the drug
Which component of a finished drug product functions as a preservative?
Buffer
What term is used to refer to the tonicity equivalent in a finished drug product?
Buffer
What is the major functional barrier to ocular penetration?
Cornea
Which part of the eye is a major source of drug metabolizing enzymes?
Ciliary Body
Which part of the eye serves as a depot for injected or surgically implanted drugs?
Vitreous
What property of drugs influences which tissues act as reservoirs versus barriers in ocular drug kinetics?
Molecular properties
What role does the aqueous humor play in the route of drugs in the eye?
Facilitates drug distribution from the bloodstream to the anterior chamber
What part of the eye prevents drug movement from blood to vitreous/retina?
Retina capillaries
What pH environment is more compatible with the epithelium than neutral or acidic for ophthalmic solutions?
Slightly alkaline
What type of drugs are resisted by healthy epithelium due to its continuous layer of plasma membrane to tear film?
Hydrophilic drugs
Which part of the eye serves as a reservoir for hydrophilic drugs?
Stroma
Which part of the eye is characterized by nonspecific or low affinity binding of lipophilic drugs?
Pigment
Which part of the eye is a major site of absorption and is biphasic in solubility for corneal penetration?
Epithelium
What property of drugs is responsible for their distribution and bioavailability in ocular drug administration?
Rate of passive diffusion
Which category of pregnancy drugs presents a definite fetal risk and should be avoided?
Category X
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of phenylephrine (especially 10%)?
Thyroid disease
What is the main concern regarding the use of systemic steroids in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Exacerbation of diabetes
Which drug is contraindicated in congestive heart disease, bradycardia, and AV block?
Beta blockers
According to the updated drug labeling, which category of drugs has no risk to the fetus?
Category A
What information does the 'Lactation' subsection of drug labeling provide?
Amount of drug in breast milk
Which section of the updated drug labeling includes information on pregnancy testing and contraception?
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Which drug is contraindicated in hypertension?
Adrenergic agonists (phenylephrine)
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of cyclopentolate?
CNS disorders
According to the updated drug labeling, which category of drugs presents a risk to the fetus that cannot be ruled out?
Category C
Which section of the updated drug labeling provides detailed information on potential risks to the developing fetus?
Pregnancy
What does the 'Compartment' refer to in pharmacokinetics?
Region of tissue or fluid through which a drug can diffuse and equilibrate
According to Fick’s first law of diffusion, what affects drug absorption?
Other drugs, preservatives, infection, inflammation, neuronal control
Which type of kinetics is most common in ocular drug movement?
First order kinetics
What is the characteristic of zero-order kinetics?
Release of drug is constant over time
Which vessels eliminate drugs via active transport?
Retinal vessels
What characterizes extended release medications compared to immediate release medications?
Drug level more consistent
What is the advantage of prodrugs?
Better penetration
What happens to dipivalyl epinephrine in the cornea?
Pivalyl groups are removed by esterases, leaving epinephrine to act at receptor sites
What is valacyclovir classified as?
Prodrug
What characterizes soft drugs?
Transformed by enzymes to inactive form with fewer side effects
What defines site specific drugs?
Transformed into inactive metabolite shortly after entering target tissue
What is the characteristic of hard drugs?
Non-metabolized or if metabolized, often results in toxic products
What distinguishes immediate release medications from extended release medications?
Pill is formulated so drug is released slowly over time (usually 12-24 hours)
What is the main characteristic of a prodrug?
It is an inactive derivative of an active drug that is converted to the active drug/metabolite after tissue penetration
Which type of drugs are produced/developed from living organisms or contain components of living organisms?
Biologics
What are monoclonal antibodies (mAB) primarily used for?
Stimulating the immune system
How are biosimilars named?
With a distinguishing suffix without meaning and composed of 4 lowercase letters attached to the core name of the original biological
What does osmolarity measure?
The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution
What is the effect of hyperosmolar tears on the corneal epithelial cells?
They attract water from the corneal epithelial cells
What is the main purpose of using preservatives in drug formulations?
To destroy or inhibit the multiplication of microorganisms
What type of preservative is benzalkonium chloride (BAC or BAK)?
Detergent (Surfactant)
What is a biologic?
A drug produced/developed from living organisms or containing components of living organisms
What distinguishes monoclonal antibodies (mAB) from human antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are specific for a single antigen
What does osmolarity measure?
The concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per liter of solution
What is the main effect of benzalkonium chloride as a preservative?
Disruption of corneal cell membranes
What is the main effect of chlorobutanol as a preservative?
Disruption of corneal cell membranes via lipid interaction
What is the main effect of polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative?
Disruption of microbial cell membranes
What is the main effect of stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite) as a preservative?
Broad antimicrobial effect (bacterial, fungal, viral)
What is the main effect of sodium perborate as a preservative?
Alters protein synthesis within bacterial cells
What is the main effect of thimerosal as a preservative?
Contact sensitivity/allergic reactions
What is the main effect of Sorbate (sorbic acid) as a preservative?
Limited antimicrobial activity
What is the main difference between benzalkonium chloride and chlorobutanol as preservatives?
Chlorobutanol does not act like a surfactant
What is the main difference between polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) and stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite) as preservatives?
Polyquad size affects cell interaction, while Purite dissociates into water and oxygen
What is the main difference between thimerosal and sodium perborate as preservatives?
Thimerosal causes contact sensitivity/allergic reactions, while sodium perborate alters protein synthesis within bacterial cells
What is the main difference between sorbate (sorbic acid) and SofZia as preservatives?
SofZia penetrates membrane and alters DNA, protein and lipid components, while sorbate dissociates in cytoplasm and releases protons to inhibit growth via acidification
Which type of preservative causes bacterial cell death by interacting with lipid components in the cell membrane?
Detergent (Surfactant)
Test your knowledge of ocular drug administration with this quiz. Explore the effects of preservatives like detergents (surfactants) on bacterial cell membranes, drug penetration, and inflammatory responses.
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