Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
- Mercurials
- Alcohols
- Thimerosal (correct)
- Chlorobutanol
What is the main reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal?
What is the main reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal?
- Low effectiveness
- Alcohol content
- Contact sensitivity (correct)
- High cost
Which chemical preservative is described as being less effective as an antimicrobial?
Which chemical preservative is described as being less effective as an antimicrobial?
- Chlorobutanol (correct)
- EDTA
- Alcohols
- BAC (Benzalkonium Chloride)
What is the main advantage of combining EDTA with a preservative?
What is the main advantage of combining EDTA with a preservative?
Which chemical preservative undergoes conversion to hydrogen peroxide and then to oxygen and water when in contact with the eye?
Which chemical preservative undergoes conversion to hydrogen peroxide and then to oxygen and water when in contact with the eye?
What is the fate of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) upon light exposure?
What is the fate of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) upon light exposure?
What additional component is mentioned to make Alcohols more effective as a preservative?
What additional component is mentioned to make Alcohols more effective as a preservative?
What kind of reactions are very common with Mercurials?
What kind of reactions are very common with Mercurials?
What happens when Sodium Perborate comes in contact with the eye?
What happens when Sodium Perborate comes in contact with the eye?
What is the purpose of using viscous agents in ocular drug administration?
What is the purpose of using viscous agents in ocular drug administration?
Which excipient is used to give an ophthalmic solution the property of resisting a change in pH?
Which excipient is used to give an ophthalmic solution the property of resisting a change in pH?
What is the purpose of using tonicity agents in ocular drug formulations?
What is the purpose of using tonicity agents in ocular drug formulations?
Which statement best describes the function of gel-forming systems in ocular drug administration?
Which statement best describes the function of gel-forming systems in ocular drug administration?
What is the purpose of using Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin in ocular drug formulations?
What is the purpose of using Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin in ocular drug formulations?
What effect does carbopol gel have when combined with a cation exchange resin in ocular drug formulations?
What effect does carbopol gel have when combined with a cation exchange resin in ocular drug formulations?
What is the main purpose of polyacrylic acids in ocular drug vehicles?
What is the main purpose of polyacrylic acids in ocular drug vehicles?
What do ointments and punctal plugs serve as examples of in ocular drug delivery?
What do ointments and punctal plugs serve as examples of in ocular drug delivery?
What is the purpose of using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in ocular drug vehicles?
What is the purpose of using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in ocular drug vehicles?
What do large molecules in gel-forming systems do when they come into contact with precorneal tear film?
What do large molecules in gel-forming systems do when they come into contact with precorneal tear film?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
What is the mechanism of action of stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite®) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the mechanism of action of stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite®) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the main function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the main function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of methylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in ocular lubricants?
Which statement accurately describes the mechanism of action of methylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in ocular lubricants?
What is the role of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the role of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary mechanism by which chlorobutanol acts as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary mechanism by which chlorobutanol acts as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
What is the primary function of tonicity agents in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary function of tonicity agents in ocular drug formulations?
What is the mechanism of action of Gelrite, a polysaccharide, in ocular drug formulations?
What is the mechanism of action of Gelrite, a polysaccharide, in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary purpose of using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in ocular drug vehicles?
What is the primary purpose of using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in ocular drug vehicles?
What characteristic is associated with vehicles utilizing gel-forming systems in ocular drug formulations?
What characteristic is associated with vehicles utilizing gel-forming systems in ocular drug formulations?
What is the role of Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin in ocular drug formulations?
What is the role of Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin in ocular drug formulations?
What happens when Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin comes into contact with tears in ocular drug formulations?
What happens when Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin comes into contact with tears in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary function of carbopol gel when combined with a cation exchange resin in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary function of carbopol gel when combined with a cation exchange resin in ocular drug formulations?
What is the main purpose of using viscous agents in ocular drug administration?
What is the main purpose of using viscous agents in ocular drug administration?
What effect does combining EDTA with a preservative have in ocular drug formulations?
What effect does combining EDTA with a preservative have in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary mechanism by which stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite®) acts as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary mechanism by which stabilized oxychloro complex (Purite®) acts as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What do ointments and punctal plugs serve as examples of in ocular drug delivery?
What do ointments and punctal plugs serve as examples of in ocular drug delivery?
What is the main function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the main function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary mechanism of action of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the main function of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the main function of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal in ocular drug formulations?
What is the primary reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal in ocular drug formulations?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the role of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the role of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
'SofZia' is considered less toxic than BAK (Benzalkonium chloride). What makes it less toxic compared to BAK?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
Which chemical preservative is described as being less effective as an antimicrobial?
Which chemical preservative is described as being less effective as an antimicrobial?
What is the primary function of Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of the chemical preservative Thimerosal in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of the chemical preservative Thimerosal in ocular lubricants?
What additional component is mentioned to make alcohols more effective as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What additional component is mentioned to make alcohols more effective as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the mechanism of action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the mechanism of action of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
Which chemical preservative is known for its contact sensitivity and allergic reactions?
What is the primary function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the primary function of sodium perborate as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What distinguishes polysorbate 80 from BAK (Benzalkonium chloride) in terms of its mechanism as a preservative in ocular lubricants?
What is the role of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a component in ocular drug formulations?
What is the role of EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as a component in ocular drug formulations?
What do large molecules in gel-forming systems do when they come into contact with precorneal tear film?
What do large molecules in gel-forming systems do when they come into contact with precorneal tear film?
What is the main advantage of combining EDTA with a preservative in ocular drug formulations?
What is the main advantage of combining EDTA with a preservative in ocular drug formulations?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
What effect does Gelrite, a polysaccharide, have in ocular drug formulation?
What is the main reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal?
What is the main reason for the rare prescription of Thimerosal?
What is the fate of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) upon light exposure?
What is the fate of Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite) upon light exposure?
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Study Notes
Chemical Preservatives and Their Impact
- Thimerosal: Known for causing contact sensitivity and allergic reactions; rare prescription due to concerns over mercury exposure.
- Sodium Perborate: Converts to hydrogen peroxide and subsequently decomposes to oxygen and water upon contact with the eye.
- Polyquaternium-1 (Polyquad): Serves as a preservative in ocular lubricants primarily to reduce microbial growth.
- EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid): Functions as a preservative by chelating metal ions that could promote microbial growth; combining with preservatives enhances their efficacy.
- Alcohols: Effectiveness as a preservative is improved when combined with other compounds such as glycerin.
- Stabilized Oxychloro Complex (Purite): Acts by converting into non-toxic byproducts upon light exposure, rendering it safe in ocular applications.
Mechanisms and Effects in Ocular Drug Formulations
- Viscous Agents: Used to enhance the retention time of drugs in the ocular surface, improving therapeutic effects.
- Tonicity Agents: Ensure that ocular formulations are isotonic with tear film, reducing discomfort upon application.
- Gel-forming Systems: Provide sustained release of drugs and enhance ocular contact time due to increased viscosity.
- Amberlite-Cation Exchange Resin: Regulates osmotic balance and drug release in ocular formulations; interacts with tears upon contact, affecting dispersion.
- Carbopol Gel: When combined with cation exchange resins, it maintains viscosity and improves drug delivery efficiency.
Safety and Efficacy of Preservatives
- SofZia: Reputed to be less toxic compared to Benzalkonium chloride due to its rapid breakdown products and reduced irritancy.
- Gelrite: A polysaccharide that forms a gel upon contact with precorneal tear film, enhancing drug retention and release.
- Mercurials: Known for frequent allergic reactions, limiting their use in ocular applications due to patient sensitivity.
Overview of Specific Agents
- Polysorbate 80 vs. BAK: Distinguishable by their respective mechanisms; polysorbate is less irritating and offers better biocompatibility.
- Sodium Perborate: Besides its preservative role, it has a primary function of providing a stable release of active ingredients in ocular lubricants.
- Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): These are utilized to provide viscosity and improve the stability of ocular formulations.
Conclusion
- Understanding the different chemical preservatives and their mechanisms is crucial for formulating effective ocular drugs with minimized adverse reactions and enhanced patient safety.
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