Principles of Nutrition - DEM Year 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following foods are emphasized in a healthy diet?

  • High-fat dairy products
  • Processed snacks
  • Fruits and vegetables (correct)
  • Fried foods and sweets

    • What does the concept of Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) not include?

  • Physical activity level
  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
  • Excess weight gain (correct)
  • Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

    • Which nutrient is emphasized as part of a healthy diet regarding dairy products?

  • Cream-based products
  • Fat-free or low-fat milk (correct)
  • High-fat milk
  • Whole milk

    • Which of the following is a component of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?

    <p>Intravenous delivery of nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is correct?

    <p>BMR measures calorie expenditure at complete rest (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'diet-induced thermogenesis' (DIT) refer to?

    <p>The energy expended during digestion and metabolism of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>Improved immune function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?

    <p>To establish guidelines for nutrient intake and balanced diets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?

    <p>To assess and plan diets for healthy populations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions fits the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?

    <p>It provides enough nutrients for 97% of healthy individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component omitted in Basal metabolic thermogenesis (NEAT)?

    <p>Energy used during exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

    <p>By dividing body weight in kg by height in meters squared (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does intake above the Upper Limit (UL) of nutrient intake have?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of adverse effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the principle of 'balance' in nutrition?

    <p>Incorporating various food types for nutrient diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients are classified as macronutrients?

    <p>Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important role of carbohydrates in nutrition?

    <p>They yield energy when oxidized. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a regulator nutrient?

    <p>Fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended duration of physical activity per day for health?

    <p>30-60 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?

    <p>Vitamin A, D, E, and K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for critically ill patients?

    <p>Higher lipid consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of moderation in nutrition emphasize?

    <p>Not consuming excessive or insufficient amounts of any food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are macro-minerals required in?

    <p>100mg or more per day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins?

    <p>Deficiency leads to various diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium for a healthy adult?

    <p>1400 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients provides the highest energy yield per gram?

    <p>Fat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated caloric requirement for females to maintain their basic metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>1300 kcal/day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is approximately expended due to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)?

    <p>10% of BMR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral has an RDA of 15-20 mg for adults?

    <p>Manganese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated energy expenditure from a resting metabolic rate for a 70 kg individual?

    <p>1680 kcal/day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has the highest recommended daily allowance for males?

    <p>Sodium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of energy input exceeding energy output?

    <p>Body weight increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micro-mineral has an RDA of 55 mcg for adults?

    <p>Selenium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit for energy commonly used in nutrition?

    <p>Joule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Basal Metabolic Thermogenesis (NEAT) encompass?

    <p>Energy burned during all physical activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

    <p>Plan diets for healthy populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?

    <p>It meets the nutrient needs of the vast majority of a healthy population (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

    <p>It identifies adults at increased risk for obesity-related health issues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does consuming a nutrient above the Upper Limit (UL) have?

    <p>It increases the likelihood of adverse effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the nutrition principle known as adequacy?

    <p>To provide enough of all essential nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient class is categorized based on the amount required by the body in grams rather than milligrams?

    <p>Macronutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nutrient provides the highest energy yield when oxidized?

    <p>Lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?

    <p>They must be consumed regularly due to limited storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is emphasized in the principle of moderation in nutrition?

    <p>Avoiding both excess and deficiency in nutrient intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily requirement for macro-minerals typically greater than?

    <p>100 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT belong to the group of essential fatty acids found in lipids?

    <p>Triglycerides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient primarily provides amino acids for bodily functions?

    <p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of a deficiency in essential vitamins?

    <p>Various diseases may occur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for optimal growth and development in children?

    <p>Lipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RDA for potassium in a healthy adult?

    <p>4700mg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy yield of fat per gram?

    <p>9 kcal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient has the same energy yield as protein?

    <p>Carbohydrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what rate does the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) approximate energy consumption per kilogram of body weight per day?

    <p>24 kcal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral has an RDA of 150 mcg for adults?

    <p>Iodine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy expenditure does diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) approximately contribute?

    <p>10% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gender has a higher recommended daily allowance for magnesium?

    <p>Males (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition does BMR typically decrease?

    <p>Starvation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical caloric requirement to maintain BMR for a male?

    <p>1800 kcal/day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of energy commonly used to measure energy in nutrition?

    <p>Calorie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of energy balance in the body?

    <p>The relationship between calories consumed and calories expended (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily emphasized for maintaining a healthy diet?

    <p>Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is included in the calculation of Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE)?

    <p>Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and thermogenesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

    <p>It represents the calories required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) designed to guide?

    <p>Nutrient intake levels to prevent deficiencies and promote health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?

    <p>Delivery of nutrients directly into the bloodstream bypassing the digestive tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of nutritional deficiencies?

    <p>Altered physiological functions and health problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary choice contributes to a lower intake of saturated fats and cholesterol?

    <p>Choosing lean meats, poultry, or fish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe the composition and caloric content of a healthy diet.
    • Explain energy balance, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE).
    • Understand Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).
    • Identify essential dietary factors and the consequences of nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition.

    A Healthy Diet

    • Focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy.
    • Should limit saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars.

    Composition of a Healthy Diet

    • Emphasizes a broad variety of foods to meet nutritional needs.
    • Encourages physical activity for 30-60 minutes daily to support health.

    Principles of Nutrition

    • Adequacy: Ensures enough essential nutrients.
    • Balance: Includes different food types for nutritional diversity.
    • Energy Control: Avoids overeating and undereating.
    • Moderation: Consumes nutrients wisely without extremes.
    • Variety: Incorporates a wide range of foods for health.

    Classification of Nutrients

    • Macronutrients (g): Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy.
    • Micronutrients (mg): Vitamins and minerals regulate body functions.

    Energy Yielding Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates: Provide energy through oxidation; include sugars and starches.
    • Proteins: Supply amino acids for bodily functions.
    • Lipids: Yield more energy when oxidized; essential for growth and recovery.

    Vitamins and Minerals

    • Vitamins: Water-soluble (B vitamins, vitamin C) and fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) required to prevent deficiencies.
    • Macro-minerals: Include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and their daily recommended intakes.
    • Micro-minerals: Trace essentials like iron and zinc crucial for body function.

    Energy Unit: The Calorie

    • Energy from food measured in kilocalories (kcal) and kilojoules (kJ).
    • Carbohydrates and proteins: 4.0 kcal/g; fats: 9.0 kcal/g; alcohol: 7.0 kcal/g.

    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

    • Energy used at rest for vital functions, approximately 24 kcal/kg/day.
    • Affected by gender, age, and physiological conditions; higher in males and children.

    Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

    • Total calories burned in a day from BMR, physical activity, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).
    • Maintains body weight when energy intake equals energy expenditure.

    Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

    • Guidelines for assessing nutrient intake for healthy populations.
    • Includes Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), and Upper Limit (UL).

    Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

    • Method of feeding intravenously, bypassing the digestive system, providing essential nutrients.

    Body Mass Index (BMI)

    • BMI calculates body weight relative to height, correlating with health risks.
    • Example calculation: Weight (72kg) and height (1.83m) yield a BMI of 21.5 kg/m².

    BMI Ranges

    • Utilized to evaluate whether an individual is underweight, healthy, overweight, or obese, indicating potential health risks.

    Learning Outcomes

    • Describe the composition and caloric content of a healthy diet.
    • Explain energy balance, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE).
    • Understand Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).
    • Identify essential dietary factors and the consequences of nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition.

    A Healthy Diet

    • Focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy.
    • Should limit saturated fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars.

    Composition of a Healthy Diet

    • Emphasizes a broad variety of foods to meet nutritional needs.
    • Encourages physical activity for 30-60 minutes daily to support health.

    Principles of Nutrition

    • Adequacy: Ensures enough essential nutrients.
    • Balance: Includes different food types for nutritional diversity.
    • Energy Control: Avoids overeating and undereating.
    • Moderation: Consumes nutrients wisely without extremes.
    • Variety: Incorporates a wide range of foods for health.

    Classification of Nutrients

    • Macronutrients (g): Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy.
    • Micronutrients (mg): Vitamins and minerals regulate body functions.

    Energy Yielding Nutrients

    • Carbohydrates: Provide energy through oxidation; include sugars and starches.
    • Proteins: Supply amino acids for bodily functions.
    • Lipids: Yield more energy when oxidized; essential for growth and recovery.

    Vitamins and Minerals

    • Vitamins: Water-soluble (B vitamins, vitamin C) and fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) required to prevent deficiencies.
    • Macro-minerals: Include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and their daily recommended intakes.
    • Micro-minerals: Trace essentials like iron and zinc crucial for body function.

    Energy Unit: The Calorie

    • Energy from food measured in kilocalories (kcal) and kilojoules (kJ).
    • Carbohydrates and proteins: 4.0 kcal/g; fats: 9.0 kcal/g; alcohol: 7.0 kcal/g.

    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

    • Energy used at rest for vital functions, approximately 24 kcal/kg/day.
    • Affected by gender, age, and physiological conditions; higher in males and children.

    Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

    • Total calories burned in a day from BMR, physical activity, and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).
    • Maintains body weight when energy intake equals energy expenditure.

    Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

    • Guidelines for assessing nutrient intake for healthy populations.
    • Includes Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), and Upper Limit (UL).

    Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

    • Method of feeding intravenously, bypassing the digestive system, providing essential nutrients.

    Body Mass Index (BMI)

    • BMI calculates body weight relative to height, correlating with health risks.
    • Example calculation: Weight (72kg) and height (1.83m) yield a BMI of 21.5 kg/m².

    BMI Ranges

    • Utilized to evaluate whether an individual is underweight, healthy, overweight, or obese, indicating potential health risks.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz covers the foundational concepts of nutrition as taught in the DEM Year 2 course at RCSI. You will explore the composition of a healthy diet, understand energy balance, and the significance of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) in relation to dietary thermogenesis. Prepare to deepen your knowledge in gastrointestinal biology.

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