ATI: Cancer Chapters 79-83

<p>Tobacco use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of medications to disrupt cancer development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps maintain a healthy body weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use personal protective equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fecal immunochemical test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High in fat and red meat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 3 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UV radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having multiple sexual partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At age 40 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 5 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They look much like normal cells and grow slowly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At age 50 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encourage increased fiber and fluids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It complicates treatment options and prognosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporate client preferences when possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use an oral anesthetic mouthwash (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining the tissue of origin is difficult. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assists in monitoring changes in eating habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps assess how malignant the cancer cells are. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensure adequate protein, carbohydrates, and calories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intraperitoneal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the risk of tissue damage from leakage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It changes their chemical composition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can help control disease progression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A medication that causes tissue damage if leaked. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only certified individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Report it to the provider immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating low-fat dry foods and avoiding liquids during meals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sharing personal hygiene items with others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-protein, high-calorie foods. (B), Cold foods that do not require cooking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may harbor bacteria that could lead to infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discuss options such as hats and wigs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To eliminate bacteria that could cause infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discard them immediately. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Report behavioral changes to the provider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased urine specific gravity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood cultures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral edema that should be reported (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor vital signs closely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine output of 40 mL/hr (C), Increased urine specific gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion and disorientation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High red meat consumption is associated with colorectal and pancreatic cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidation or tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension and tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible liver tumors or inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>On their right side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced risk of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential tissue abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Information on further testing or evaluation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encourage the client to consume high-calorie snacks before meals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age 30 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathology analysis post-surgery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The test detects blood in the urine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Including protein-rich options in every meal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonoscopy every 15 years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps alleviate pain and discomfort, improving food intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove or destroy cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systemic chemotherapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic predisposition to cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcing teaching on care for drains and wounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating coping with body image changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They complement medical treatment by addressing specific client needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection or hemorrhage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate communication across healthcare providers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rinsing with alcohol-based mouthwash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wear closed-toe shoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participating in contact sports (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NSAIDs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dispose as directed by the facility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory functions of the hands and feet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apply cold to the area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human T‑cell leukemia virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excisional biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High intake of preservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling of lymph nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every 3 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To diagnose skin cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surrounding lymph nodes are assumed to be free of cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPV infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obtain signed informed consent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An HPV DNA test every 5 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic GERD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signs of leukemia and lymphoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Punch biopsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consolidation or tumor in the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the risk of bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging oral intake immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancerous changes or inflammation of the liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of masses or tissue abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforce dressings and monitor vital signs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marked hypotension and tachycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent falls and injury due to impaired judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schedule a mammogram every 2 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encourage fluid intake during meals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tumor is large and has spread to nearby lymph nodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colorectal screenings should start at age 50. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces oral pain and discomfort. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of nodules in the lymph nodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging nutrient-dense foods early in the meal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating fluids with meals to enhance satiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of magnetic fields instead of radiation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saliva sample (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denotes an increased risk of certain cancers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides x-ray images from varying angles for cross-sectional analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detects abnormal protein levels in various body fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce the risk of medication leakage and tissue damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doing so may increase their toxicity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin erythema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implanted port (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause severe damage to skin and muscle if leaked. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control disease progression or provide palliative care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized certification is required for administration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body through lymph and blood vessels.

Cancer that has spread to a different part of the body.

Finding cancer at an early stage, essential for successful treatment.

Practices that reduce the risk of developing cancer, like balanced diet, avoiding tobacco, and exercising.

Cancer cells' ability to penetrate neighboring tissues.

Using medicine or other substances to stop cancer development.

Checking for cancer early, often through tests.

Factors that increase the chance of cancer, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise

Factors that increase the chance of developing cancer.

Certain viruses, like HPV, Epstein-Barr, and HIV, can increase the risk of specific cancers.

A diet high in certain substances (e.g., fat, red meat) and low in fiber may increase some cancer risks.

Men should talk to their doctor about prostate screening around age 50, adjusting the age based on personal risk.

Women should get Pap smears at certain ages and intervals to screen for cervical cancer.

Regular fecal tests to check for blood in the stool, to detect potential colon cancer early.

Infection with HIV increases the risk of some cancers, including lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Tests for gene mutations that can increase a person's chances of getting certain cancers(e.g., breast or colon).

A type of X-ray used to detect breast cancer in women

A procedure to examine the colon for cancer

A Pap test should be done every 5 years for women aged 30-65

A Pap test should be done every 3 years for women aged 21-29

A test to detect hidden blood in a stool sample.

Checks stool for genetic material linked to colorectal cancer.

Track eating habits to monitor nutrition of patients with cancer

Soothes mouth pain and eases chewing/swallowing

The spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body.

Cancer cells have spread to distant parts of the body.

Cancer cells that look similar to normal cells and grow slowly.

Cancer cells that do not look like normal cells and grow quickly, spreading easily.

Classifying cancer based on how abnormal the cancer cells look.

The likely outcome or course of a disease.

A condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone, causing the body to retain too much water.

Difficulty in passing stools, often related to cancer or cancer treatments.

Chemotherapy delivered directly into a body cavity, like the abdomen, bladder, or spinal cavity.

Chemotherapy administered directly into the abdominal cavity.

Chemotherapy delivered directly into the bladder.

Chemotherapy administered directly into the pleural space, which surrounds the lungs.

Chemotherapy delivered directly into the spinal cavity.

A long-term IV catheter inserted into a large vein, usually in the chest, for chemotherapy administration or blood testing.

A type of central venous catheter inserted into a peripheral vein in the arm and threaded up to a large vein in the chest.

A small, surgically placed device under the skin that allows for easy access to a central vein for long-term chemotherapy administration.

Many chemotherapy medications can cause nausea and vomiting. Medications can be given beforehand to prevent these side effects.

To prevent infection during chemotherapy, it's important to practice good oral hygiene, including using a separate toothbrush for each use.

During chemotherapy, it's crucial to avoid foods that can increase nausea and discomfort, including raw fruits and vegetables, undercooked meats, and spicy foods.

Hair loss is a common side effect of chemotherapy. This is usually temporary and can vary in severity, affecting hair on the head, body, and even lashes.

Nausea can be reduced during chemotherapy by eating small, frequent meals, opting for cold foods, and avoiding strong smells.

Chemotherapy weakens the immune system, making patients more susceptible to infections. It's important to avoid crowds and potential sources of bacteria.

During chemotherapy, regular temperature checks are crucial, as even slightly elevated temperatures can indicate infection.

Patients undergoing chemotherapy need support in managing side effects, adjusting to changes, and coping with emotions.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) can cause cervical cancer.

EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) can cause nasopharyngeal cancer and Burkitt's lymphoma.

Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach cancer.

A Pap test should be done every 5 years starting at age 30.

A colonoscopy should be done every 10 years, beginning at age 50.

A fecal occult blood test should be done every year.

A food diary is used to track what a patient eats and drinks to evaluate their nutrition.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. A ferritin blood test is used to evaluate iron stores, which are often low in patients with cancer.

A condition where the body inappropriately produces too much antidiuretic hormone, leading to water retention, low sodium levels, and symptoms like headache, nausea, confusion, and seizures.

Lung cancer can cause SIADH by producing a tumor that secretes antidiuretic hormone, leading to water retention and low sodium levels.

In sepsis, the body's response to infection leads to widespread inflammation and blood vessel dilation, resulting in low blood pressure and insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

Treatment for sepsis involves rapid fluid resuscitation to restore blood volume and blood pressure, blood cultures to identify the causative organism, broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat infection, and potentially vasopressors to maintain blood pressure.

Dietary choices can influence cancer risk. Consuming a diet high in saturated fat, red meat, and processed foods, and low in fruits, vegetables, and fiber, increases the risk for certain cancers.

Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, and exposure to certain environmental toxins, can increase the risk of developing various cancers.

Certain racial groups have a higher risk of developing specific cancers. For example, African Americans have a higher risk of prostate cancer compared to other racial groups.

Regular cancer screenings, such as mammograms for breast cancer, Pap smears for cervical cancer, and colonoscopies for colorectal cancer, are crucial for early detection and treatment.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone. This condition causes the body to retain too much water, leading to symptoms like headache, weight gain, and low urine output.

A urine output of 40 mL/hr is a normal finding in SIADH, indicating the body's attempt to retain water. This finding does not require immediate reporting.

Weight gain can be a sign of cerebral edema, a swelling of the brain, in SIADH. Report this symptom to the provider immediately.

Headache is a common symptom of SIADH, indicating fluid buildup in the brain. This symptom should be reported to the provider.

An increased urine specific gravity is consistent with SIADH, indicating concentrated urine due to fluid retention. It does not require reporting.

Adjuvant treatment is therapy given in addition to the primary treatment to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.

Adjuvant therapies include hormone therapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy.

Palliative care focuses on improving the quality of life for patients with cancer by managing symptoms and providing emotional support.

Cancer treatment aims to remove or destroy cancer cells and prevent further abnormal cell growth and differentiation.

Postoperative complications include infection, fluid or electrolyte imbalance, hemorrhage, thromboembolism, inadequate oxygenation, and shock.

Nursing care includes collaboration with supportive therapies and services, counseling, and transfer of care to another provider at discharge.

Interprofessional collaboration involves working together with other healthcare professionals, such as therapists, support groups, and family members.

Client education is important so patients can monitor for complications, manage their care, and access support resources.

Blood tests that measure the health and activity of the liver. Elevated levels can indicate liver cancer or metastasis from other cancers like colorectal cancer.

A diagnostic technique that uses electromagnetic radiation to visualize internal body structures. Used to detect abnormalities in the lungs, breasts, and other organs.

A medical imaging technique that uses dye and X-rays to visualize blood vessels. Helps map arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels for cancer diagnosis and treatment planning.

An abnormal sound heard during percussion of the chest, indicating consolidation (fluid or tissue buildup) or tumor growth in the lungs.

A sign of inflammation or tumor growth in the liver, detected during palpation or percussion of the abdominal area.

A possible complication after cancer procedures, indicated by visible staining of dressings, hypotension (low blood pressure), and tachycardia (fast heart rate).

A set of practices used to prevent infections during medical procedures, including hand hygiene, sterile equipment, and minimizing contamination.

Creating a safe and comfortable environment for patients after procedures, minimizing risks and ensuring optimal recovery.

Inflammation and sores in the mouth, often caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

To prevent bleeding in patients with mucositis, use an electric razor and soft-bristled toothbrush, avoid blowing your nose vigorously, and ensure dentures fit well.

Damage to the nerves in the hands and feet, often caused by chemotherapy.

Nurses monitor for signs of neuropathy like loss of sensation, orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drops when standing), loss of taste, and constipation.

Internal radiation therapy can contaminate body fluids, which need to be disposed of appropriately.

Medications used to protect against harmful effects of radiation therapy, such as dry mouth.

To prevent injuries in patients who may be weak from cancer treatment, wear closed-toe shoes, remove tripping hazards at home, and apply cold to areas if an injury occurs.

Take medications as prescribed to control infection, such as nystatin suspension and acyclovir.

Women aged 30-65 should have a Pap test every 5 years to screen for cervical cancer.

People should have a colonoscopy every 10 years, starting at age 50, to screen for colorectal cancer.

A fecal occult blood test should be done annually to check for blood in the stool, a potential indicator of colorectal cancer.

Cancer can cause malnutrition due to various factors like appetite changes, nausea, and difficulty swallowing.

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body. A ferritin blood test can help assess iron stores, which are often low in cancer patients due to malnutrition and other factors.

This diagnostic notation in a pathology report refers to the staging of a tumor. T2 indicates a moderately sized tumor, N3 means cancer has spread to three or more nearby lymph nodes, and MX means the cancer's spread to other areas in the body is unknown.

SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) causes the body to retain too much water, leading to symptoms such as headache, confusion, nausea, and seizures.

A procedure where a thin needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue or fluid from a tumor, often done when the tumor is near the skin surface.

A surgical procedure where a cut is made into the skin to remove a portion of a tumor.

A surgical procedure where a tumor is completely removed from the body.

A biopsy of the lymph node closest to a cancer, used to determine if cancer cells have spread to other lymph nodes.

A needle biopsy of the bone marrow, used to diagnose leukemia and lymphoma.

A specific type of excisional biopsy where a circular tool punches out a small portion of subcutaneous fat, commonly used in skin cancer diagnosis.

Surgical removal of lymph nodes in the area of a cancer with positive sentinel nodes.

Metastasis can cause various symptoms depending on its location. These can include swelling and tenderness in lymph nodes, masses in different parts of the body, pain, and changes in body function, such as fatigue, weakness, or anorexia.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection has been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma.

Infection with Helicobacter pylori can increase the risk of stomach cancer and lymphoma of the stomach lining.

HIV infection increases the risk of lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Blood tests that check the health of the liver. Elevated LFTs could indicate liver cancer or cancer that has spread from elsewhere, like colorectal cancer.

Chemotherapy medications that can cause serious damage to the skin and muscle tissue if they leak outside a vein.

Proteins found in the body at higher than normal levels that can indicate the presence of cancer.

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of internal organs.

A medical imaging technique that uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues.

A medical imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures.

Tests that identify the presence of specific gene mutations that can increase the risk of developing cancer.

A medical procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope.

A substance used in imaging tests to enhance the visibility of organs and tissues.

A type of imaging that uses radioactive substances to evaluate the function of organs.