ATI: Cancer Chapters 79-83

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of screening and early diagnosis in cancer care?

To increase the risk of metastasis

To eliminate all forms of cancer

To provide health education

To minimize complications associated with carcinoma (correct)

How is cancer named when it metastasizes to another organ?

Based on the type of treatment received

Based on the origin in which it started (correct)

Based on the location it has spread to

Based on the symptoms presented

Which dietary component should be limited to maintain a healthy lifestyle to reduce cancer risk?

Nitrates and nitrites (correct)

Complex carbohydrates

Fiber

Healthy fats

What lifestyle choice is advised to avoid in order to lower cancer risk?

Tobacco use Signup and view all the answers

What is chemoprevention?

The use of medications to disrupt cancer development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should be limited to one drink per day for females?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What role does physical activity play in cancer prevention?

It helps maintain a healthy body weight Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to reduce the risk of skin cancer?

Use personal protective equipment Signup and view all the answers

At what age should males with average risk begin prostate screening?

50 years Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is primarily responsible for increasing the risk of cervical cancer?

HPV Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended method for fecal testing?

Fecal immunochemical test Signup and view all the answers

What dietary factors are associated with an increased risk of certain cancers?

High in fat and red meat Signup and view all the answers

At what frequency should clients aged 30 to 65 receive Pap tests if combined with an HPV DNA test?

Every 3 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT increase the risk of stomach cancer?

UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

What age is recommended for starting prostate screening for high-risk males?

45 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sexual lifestyles is associated with increased cancer risk?

Having multiple sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a client begin annual mammograms?

At age 40 Signup and view all the answers

How often should clients aged 30 to 65 have a Pap test according to current recommendations?

Every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What does well-differentiated tumor cells indicate about their growth pattern?

They look much like normal cells and grow slowly. Signup and view all the answers

At what age should a client start having colonoscopies?

At age 50 Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing action is appropriate to help manage constipation related to cancer treatment?

Encourage increased fiber and fluids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for fecal occult tests?

Every year Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern with the presence of distant metastasis?

It complicates treatment options and prognosis. Signup and view all the answers

How should meal planning be approached for clients undergoing cancer treatment?

Incorporate client preferences when possible. Signup and view all the answers

What action can a client take to help ease the process of chewing and swallowing?

Use an oral anesthetic mouthwash Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are presented by poorly differentiated tumor cells?

Determining the tissue of origin is difficult. Signup and view all the answers

What role does a food diary play in cancer nutrition management?

It assists in monitoring changes in eating habits Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with lymphoma and leukemia?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What role does grading play in cancer diagnosis?

It helps assess how malignant the cancer cells are. Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

Stomach cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with?

Excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones. Signup and view all the answers

Which nutritional aspect is important for clients undergoing cancer treatment?

Ensure adequate protein, carbohydrates, and calories. Signup and view all the answers

Which route of administration is considered intracavitary?

Intraperitoneal Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for using a central venous catheter for chemotherapy administration?

It reduces the risk of tissue damage from leakage. Signup and view all the answers

Why should oral anticancer medications not be crushed?

It changes their chemical composition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding chemotherapy?

It can help control disease progression. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vesicant?

A medication that causes tissue damage if leaked. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catheter is commonly used for long-term chemotherapy treatment?

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored at the site of administration during chemotherapy?

Evidence of infection Signup and view all the answers

Who is qualified to administer chemotherapeutic medications?

Only certified individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a client undergoing chemotherapy has an elevated temperature?

Report it to the provider immediately. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary practices can help manage nausea for chemotherapy patients?

Eating low-fat dry foods and avoiding liquids during meals. Signup and view all the answers

What should clients avoid to reduce the risk of infections during chemotherapy?

Sharing personal hygiene items with others. Signup and view all the answers

Which foods are recommended to be consumed by someone experiencing metallic taste due to chemotherapy?

High-protein, high-calorie foods. Signup and view all the answers

Why should fresh flowers and plants be avoided in the chemotherapy client's room?

They may harbor bacteria that could lead to infections. Signup and view all the answers

What practice is advised to help manage hair loss during chemotherapy?

Discuss options such as hats and wigs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for washing dishes in hot, soapy water for a chemotherapy patient?

To eliminate bacteria that could cause infections. Signup and view all the answers

What should clients do with liquid beverages that have been sitting at room temperature for over an hour?

Discard them immediately. Signup and view all the answers

Which action is essential for a nurse to take when a client exhibits symptoms of SIADH?

Report behavioral changes to the provider Signup and view all the answers

What finding associated with SIADH should raise concern for the nursing staff?

Decreased urine specific gravity Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluids may be needed if a client's fluid administration is deemed insufficient?

Vasopressors Signup and view all the answers

Which lab test is critical for a nurse to obtain for a patient with suspected sepsis?

Blood cultures Signup and view all the answers

What symptom should a nurse associate with a potential need for fluid resuscitation?

Weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What does a client's report of weight gain indicate in relation to SIADH?

Cerebral edema that should be reported Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of SIADH that a nurse should monitor?

Polyuria Signup and view all the answers

For a client presenting signs of SIADH, which intervention should be prioritized?

Monitor vital signs closely Signup and view all the answers

Which finding does NOT require reporting to the provider in a client with suspected SIADH?

Urine output of 40 mL/hr Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation in a client with SIADH is most critical to report?

Confusion and disorientation Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue may be indicated by a client reporting headaches alongside SIADH?

Cerebral edema Signup and view all the answers

Which cancer risks are associated with dietary choices that should be considered in client management?

High red meat consumption is associated with colorectal and pancreatic cancers Signup and view all the answers

In older adult males, which types of cancer are most commonly associated with reported symptoms?

Lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers Signup and view all the answers

What does dullness in lung or bowel sounds indicate during a physical assessment?

Consolidation or tumor Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse monitor for during recovery following sedation?

Hypotension and tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by an increase in liver size noted by measurement of borders?

Possible liver tumors or inflammation Signup and view all the answers

How should a patient be positioned following a liver biopsy?

On their right side Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of withholding oral intake post-procedure?

Reduced risk of infection Signup and view all the answers

What does a change in coloration, symmetry, or movement signify during an assessment?

Potential tissue abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What does the procedure of angiography help to visualize?

Vascular structures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should a nurse reinforce if unexpected findings occur?

Information on further testing or evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is appropriate for a client with malnutrition due to cancer?

Encourage the client to consume high-calorie snacks before meals. Signup and view all the answers

What finding correlates with a pathology report denoting T2-N3-MX in ovarian cancer?

The tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

At what specific age should women begin receiving Pap tests based on recommendations?

Age 30 Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most effective for determining the cancer staging in a patient who underwent surgery for ovarian cancer?

Pathology analysis post-surgery. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a common misunderstanding about fecal occult testing?

The test detects blood in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient-dense food strategy should be emphasized for a cancer patient?

Including protein-rich options in every meal. Signup and view all the answers

Which screening procedure is recommended for average-risk individuals beginning at age 60?

Colonoscopy every 15 years. Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of using anesthetic mouthwash before meals for cancer patients experiencing oral side effects?

It helps alleviate pain and discomfort, improving food intake. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cancer treatment options?

To remove or destroy cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered part of adjuvant treatment?

Systemic chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which client factor is least likely to influence the cancer treatment plan?

Genetic predisposition to cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of nursing care for clients post-surgery?

Reinforcing teaching on care for drains and wounds Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological support measure is crucial for clients coping with cancer diagnosis?

Facilitating coping with body image changes Signup and view all the answers

What role do supportive therapies play in cancer nursing care?

They complement medical treatment by addressing specific client needs. Signup and view all the answers

Which complication should clients be monitored for after discharge from cancer treatment?

Infection or hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interprofessional collaboration in cancer care?

To facilitate communication across healthcare providers Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in order to prevent injury to the oral mucosa during dental hygiene?

Rinsing with alcohol-based mouthwash Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended practice for rinsing the mouth to prevent bleeding?

Using a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride Signup and view all the answers

What protective measure should be taken during ambulation to prevent falls and injuries?

Wear closed-toe shoes Signup and view all the answers

What should a client refrain from while managing mucositis to reduce the risk of bleeding?

Participating in contact sports Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should be avoided to minimize the risk of bleeding?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

What action is essential when dealing with body fluids contaminated with radiation?

Dispose as directed by the facility Signup and view all the answers

In the case of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, what should be monitored closely?

Sensory functions of the hands and feet Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate action to take if an injury occurs while ambulating?

Apply cold to the area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections is primarily linked to an increased risk of lymphoma?

Human T‑cell leukemia virus Signup and view all the answers

At what age should males with a family history of breast or colon cancer consider screening for gene mutations?

40 years Signup and view all the answers

Which type of biopsy involves the removal of the entire tumor?

Excisional biopsy Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with increasing the risk of stomach cancer and lymphoma of the stomach lining?

High intake of preservatives Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator for performing a sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Swelling of lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for fecal testing using a stool DNA test?

Every 3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a punch biopsy?

To diagnose skin cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which type of screening should male clients have at 50 years of age if they are at average risk?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the outcome if a sentinel lymph node biopsy is negative?

Surrounding lymph nodes are assumed to be free of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor is strongly linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer?

HPV infection Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom could lead to the suspicion of metastasis in a cancer patient?

Bone pain Signup and view all the answers

What is an important nursing action prior to performing any biopsy?

Obtain signed informed consent Signup and view all the answers

What should clients aged 30 to 65 ideally receive along with a Pap test?

An HPV DNA test every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor significantly increases the risk of developing certain cancers?

Chronic GERD Signup and view all the answers

What is typically evaluated in patients undergoing bone marrow aspiration?

Signs of leukemia and lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biopsies requires a circular instrument to sample tissue?

Punch biopsy Signup and view all the answers

What does dullness in the lungs during a physical assessment typically indicate?

Consolidation or tumor in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of monitoring coagulation studies in patients with potential cancer?

To assess the risk of bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT appropriate after a liver biopsy?

Encouraging oral intake immediately Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer screening, what might elevated liver function tests suggest?

Cancerous changes or inflammation of the liver Signup and view all the answers

What findings during an assessment could lead to further testing for a suspected cancer diagnosis?

Presence of masses or tissue abnormalities Signup and view all the answers

What should be the immediate nursing intervention if a client shows signs of bleeding after a procedure?

Reinforce dressings and monitor vital signs Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment finding is most concerning when monitoring a client under sedation?

Marked hypotension and tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to provide a safe environment for a client recovering from sedation?

To prevent falls and injury due to impaired judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate recommendation for a client beginning cancer screenings at age 45?

Schedule a mammogram every 2 years. Signup and view all the answers

What intervention is NOT advisable for a client with malnutrition due to cancer?

Encourage fluid intake during meals. Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation T2‑N3‑MX indicate about the patient's ovarian cancer?

The tumor is large and has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding cancer screenings is incorrect for women starting at age 30?

Colorectal screenings should start at age 50. Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using an anesthetic mouthwash before meals for a client with cancer-related malnutrition?

It reduces oral pain and discomfort. Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse monitor for a patient who has undergone surgery for ovarian cancer and presented with T2‑N3‑MX findings?

Presence of nodules in the lymph nodes. Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is least likely to benefit a client experiencing severe malnutrition post-cancer treatment?

Encouraging nutrient-dense foods early in the meal. Signup and view all the answers

For optimal management of nutritional intake in oncology patients, which practice should be avoided?

Eating fluids with meals to enhance satiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential first sign of an allergic reaction to contrast dye during imaging procedures?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

Which tumor marker is specifically associated with detecting prostate cancer?

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using MRI over CT scans in imaging?

Use of magnetic fields instead of radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sample type collected for genetic testing related to cancer risk?

Saliva sample Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique utilizes sound waves to assess internal structures?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of positive results in genetic testing for cancer markers such as BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Denotes an increased risk of certain cancers Signup and view all the answers

How does computerized axial tomography (CT) aid in cancer evaluation?

Provides x-ray images from varying angles for cross-sectional analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key function of tumor marker assays?

Detects abnormal protein levels in various body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using a central venous catheter over a peripheral IV for chemotherapy?

They reduce the risk of medication leakage and tissue damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical reason for not crushing, splitting, or chewing oral anticancer medications?

Doing so may increase their toxicity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication to monitor for at the site of administration during chemotherapy?

Skin erythema Signup and view all the answers

Which type of catheter is specifically designed for long-term chemotherapy administration?

Implanted port Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of vesicants that requires careful administration?

They can cause severe damage to skin and muscle if leaked. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of chemotherapy in patients with terminal illness?

To control disease progression or provide palliative care. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the administration of chemotherapeutic agents?

Specialized certification is required for administration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Principles of Cancer

Cancer is a neoplastic disease process involving abnormal cell growth and differentiation.
Normal cells have an orderly growth, division, and death cycle. Cancer cells do not.
Cancer cells form new blood vessels to nourish continued growth.
Genetic mutations cause abnormal cancerous growth.
Factors like viruses, chemicals, hormones, family history, and lifestyle trigger abnormal cell growth.
Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and spread to other body parts.

Body Tissues

Cancers can originate from any body tissue.
Cancerous cells disrupt the function of the affected tissue.
Carcinomas arise from epithelial tissue; adenocarcinomas from glandular organs
Sarcomas from mesenchymal tissues.
Leukemias from blood-forming cells; lymphomas from lymph tissue; myelomas from plasma cells.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Maintain a healthy diet (low-fat, increased fruits/vegetables). Limit sugar, salt, nitrates, red meats.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid tobacco and limit alcohol consumption.
Avoid risky lifestyles (drugs, unprotected sex).
Avoid environmental hazards (radiation, chemicals). Use protective equipment.
Exercise regularly. Protect skin from UV rays. Remove at-risk tissues (moles) to prevent conversions to skin cancer.
Use of medications (chemoprevention) or other substances to stop or lessen cancer development.
Vaccination to prevent virus-related cancers (ex. HPV).

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Description

This quiz covers essential principles of cancer biology, including the characteristics of cancer cells and their origin in various body tissues. You'll explore how cancer disrupts normal functions and the significance of health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Test your knowledge on how factors trigger abnormal cell growth and the classifications of different cancer types.