Primitive Reflexes and Development

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Questions and Answers

What is the tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) thought to assist with?

  • Initially dealing with gravity after birth (correct)
  • Developing fine motor skills
  • Improving sleep patterns
  • Strengthening the respiratory system

What is the approximate integration age for the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)?

  • 2-4 months
  • 6-9 months (correct)
  • 2-3 years
  • 12-18 months

What is a common long-term effect of an unintegrated TLR?

  • Visual-perceptual difficulties (correct)
  • Speech impediments
  • Difficulty learning to walk
  • Problems with language development

What is the main function of the ATNR?

<p>Assisting with the birthing process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a long-term effect of an unintegrated TLR?

<p>Difficulty learning to read (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the backward stimulus of the TLR affect the body?

<p>Extension of the arms and legs to straighten the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of an unintegrated ATNR?

<p>Difficulty with crawling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a symptom of an unintegrated TLR?

<p>Difficulty with handwriting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of primitive reflexes?

<p>They help infants adapt to their environment and survive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about stereopsis?

<p>It is a form of binocular vision that allows for depth perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)?

<p>It helps infants learn to control their head movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the inhibition of a primitive reflex often correlate with?

<p>The development of a new skill. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) in infants?

<p>It helps infants learn to crawl and walk independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Gross Motor Control and Fine Motor Control?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sensory fusion and stereopsis?

<p>Sensory fusion is a prerequisite for stereopsis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes is NOT a protective mechanism?

<p>Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the Moro Reflex is considered an early protective mechanism?

<p>It releases adrenaline in response to sudden stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common trigger for the Startle Reflex?

<p>Quiet and controlled environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a reflex persisting past the appropriate time?

<p>Difficulty controlling large muscle groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between large muscle control and fine motor development?

<p>Large muscle control is the foundation for fine motor control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential symptom of oculomotor dysfunction?

<p>Enhanced visual perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical integration age for the Moro Reflex?

<p>2-4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term effect of the Spinal Galant Reflex not being integrated by the appropriate age?

<p>Poor concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is known to be present for the longest period of time?

<p>Spinal Galant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) not being integrated?

<p>Difficulty walking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)?

<p>To help infants defy gravity to stand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is associated with involuntary (grasp) of thumb and fingers when an object is placed in the palm?

<p>Palmer Grasp Reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a long-term effect of the Rooting and Sucking Reflex not being integrated?

<p>Speech and articulation problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age is it expected that the Plantar Reflex, which is the normal response in adults, will be present?

<p>3-4 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Babinski Sign, when elicited in an adult, normally causes what?

<p>Flexion of the toes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex is considered to be integrated by the age of 3-9 months?

<p>Spinal Galant Reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Infant Exam?

<p>To identify any potential vision and developmental problems that may need intervention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is considered "life-threatening" in the context of the Infant Exam?

<p>Tumors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of these professionals is NOT directly involved in Early Childhood Intervention?

<p>Psychologist (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Denver Developmental Screener Test (DDST) primarily assess?

<p>The child's physical and developmental milestones across various domains. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT a primary concern for the Infant Exam?

<p>The child's overall health and well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a primitive reflex that distinguishes it from a postural response?

<p>It is a reflex that is present at birth and integrates as the child develops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Landau reflex in infant development?

<p>To assist with inhibiting flexion response of the TLR reflex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Babinski reflex?

<p>It is a primitive reflex that typically integrates by 12-18 months, with toe extension indicating an underdeveloped corticospinal tract. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the transition from primitive reflexes to postural responses?

<p>It indicates the development of more complex movement patterns and coordination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes is considered a transitional reflex rather than a primitive or postural response?

<p>The Landau reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome if primitive reflexes are not properly integrated?

<p>The child may experience difficulties with balance, coordination, and postural control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Parachute reflex?

<p>To protect the infant from falls by extending arms and legs when moving headfirst downwards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Head Righting reflex?

<p>It is essential for developing balance and postural control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensory Fusion

The combination of two retinal images into one perception.

Stereopsis

The ability to perceive depth and 3D based on slight differences in retinal images.

Acquired Ability

Developmental skills that are not present at birth but emerge around 3-4 months.

Color Vision

The ability to perceive different colors, begins rudimentary in infants and matures to adult levels.

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Primitive Reflexes

Innate responses in infants that help with adaptation and survival that develop before birth.

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Gross Motor Control

Large movements of limbs that involve coordination of arms and legs.

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Fine Motor Control

Small, precise movements, typically involving fingers and hands.

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Moro Reflex

A startle reflex observed in infants when they feel a sensation of falling.

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Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

A reflex occurring at 11 months, affecting movement and posture based on head position.

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Spinal Galant Reflex

A reflex present in infants that influences their ability to move and develop motor skills, observable at 3-9 months.

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Reflexes

Automatic, subconscious responses that cannot be controlled or suppressed, crucial for movement.

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Oculomotor Dysfunction

Poor control of eye muscles leading to issues like convergent and accommodative insufficiency.

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Convergence Insufficiency

The inability to maintain binocular vision when looking at nearby objects.

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Action of Moro Reflex

When startled, a newborn opens arms and legs then quickly closes them as a grasping reflex.

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Integration of Reflexes

The process by which reflexes like the Moro are developed and controlled by the brain, typically by 2-4 months.

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Long-term effects of poor integration

Child remains on high alert, struggles with motor skills and attention.

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Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

Reflex that helps establish muscle tone and balance in response to head movement.

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Integration timeline of TLR

TLR is typically integrated by 2-4 months of age.

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Symptoms of unintegrated TLR

Includes poor balance, weak muscle tone, and visual-perceptual difficulties.

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Integration timeline of ATNR

ATNR is typically integrated by 6 months of age.

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Long-term effects of unintegrated ATNR

Difficulty crawling by 6-9 months and challenges with letter reversals in school.

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Vestibular difficulties

Problems related to balance, such as car sickness and discomfort in space.

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Poor Balance

Difficulty determining a dominant hand/leg and crossing the midline.

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Long-term effects of STNR

Can lead to difficulty in crawling, walking, and eye-hand coordination.

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Long-term effects of Spinal Galant

May cause fidgeting, bedwetting, and poor concentration.

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Palmer Grasp Reflex

Involuntary grasping of objects placed in an infant's palm; integrated by 2-3 months.

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Long-term effects of Palmer Grasp

Can lead to poor fine motor skills and lack of pincer grip.

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Rooting and Sucking Reflex

Gentle cheek stimulation causes mouth response; integrated at 3-4 months.

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Babinski Reflex

Extension of toes in infants, expected up to 12-18 months; abnormal in adults.

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Postural Responses

Reflexes that show involvement of higher brain structures, indicating CNS maturity.

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Superman Landau Reflex

Transitional reflex for infants starting around 2 months; essential for sitting and walking.

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Head Righting Reflex

Onset at 2-4 months, helps keep the head in a midline position despite movement.

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Parachute Response

Onset by 9 months; extension of arms and legs when an infant is moved headfirst down.

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CNS Maturity

Greater involvement of brain structures in reflex actions indicates CNS development progression.

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Occupational Therapy (OT)

Therapy focused on daily activities and behavioral skills to aid development.

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Physical Therapy (PT)

Rehabilitation that develops strength and coordination and addresses injuries.

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Denver Developmental Screener Test (DDST)

A test for toddlers to detect developmental delays in key areas.

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Early Intervention

Actions taken at a young age to correct abnormalities for better outcomes.

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Infant Exam Purpose

Examine infants to detect gross irregularities that may threaten vision or life.

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Study Notes

Pediatric Vision Care

  • First eye exam recommended at 6-12 months of age.
  • InfantSEE program provides free eye exams for 6-12 month olds.
  • Likelihood of having had an eye exam:
    • <6 years old: ~14%
    • 6-16 years old: ~31%
  • Undiagnosed vision problems are common, affecting:
    • 1 in 5 preschool children
    • 1 in 4 school-age children
    • Significantly higher in special populations (e.g., ADHD, autism, Down syndrome)
  • Vision problems interfere with classroom learning (80% mediated through vision).
  • Early intervention is crucial for better outcomes.
  • Vision screenings often miss ~95% of vision problems that affect learning.

Likelihood of Eye Exams

  • Relatively low rates of eye exams in the pediatric population.
  • Parents/kids may not recognize/understand the need.

Vision Problems and Learning

  • Visual conditions are prevalent among juvenile delinquents.
  • High rates of undiagnosed vision problems in students with IEPs.

Vision Disorders

  • Fourth most common disability in the US.
  • Most prevalent handicapping condition in childhood.
  • Underlying vision problems affect 25% of schoolchildren.
  • Strabismus is a potential outcome in 4% of children.

Cognitive Development

  • Jean Piaget's theory describes cognitive development in distinct stages.
  • Sensorimotor (birth–2 years): learning through physical actions.
  • Preoperational (2–7 years): symbolic representation, difficulty understanding different viewpoints.
  • Concrete Operational (7–11 years): limited logical thought processes, concrete examples needed.
  • Formal Operational (12+ years): logical reasoning, abstract thought.

Visual Development

  • Key stages of visual acuity development.
  • Detection (minimum visible) and resolution (minimum separable) of visual stimuli.
  • Vernier (hyperacuity) and recognition of visual stimuli.
  • Binocularity.
  • Optical pathway integrity, visual processing, visual efficacy, and sensory integration are critical components of visual development.

Visual Acuity

  • Important measurement for every examination (refractive, pathological, or attentional).
  • Different measurement types exist. (Detection, Resolution, Recognition).

Oculomotor Mechanisms

  • Crucial for eye movements to focus on and track moving objects (saccades).
  • Horizontal saccades develop before vertical saccades.
  • Pursuits follow movement, and convergence/divergence involves eyes moving together
  • Vestibulocochlear Reflex (VOR), which helps maintain gaze while the head moves.

Primitive, Reflexes and Development

  • Primitive reflexes, such as the Moro, rooting, and plantar reflexes, are important for newborn development.
  • These reflexes integrate (go away) between 6 months to 2.5yrs.
  • Postural reflexes assist with posture, movement, and head control
  • The spinal Galant reflex and others help with this, also integrating within 6 months to 2.5 yrs.

Symptoms of Unintegrated reflexes

  • Problems with balance, coordination, spatial reasoning and visual/physical difficulties can arise from prolonged unintegrated primitive reflexes.

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