Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structure develops from the primitive ectoderm during fetal development?
What structure develops from the primitive ectoderm during fetal development?
At what gestational week is the basic form of the central nervous system completed?
At what gestational week is the basic form of the central nervous system completed?
What can result from the improper closure of the posterior neural tube?
What can result from the improper closure of the posterior neural tube?
Which vitamin is crucial to prevent neural tube defects during the first trimester?
Which vitamin is crucial to prevent neural tube defects during the first trimester?
Signup and view all the answers
What major developmental change occurs to the cerebral surface starting in month 6?
What major developmental change occurs to the cerebral surface starting in month 6?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the embryonic brain development is true?
Which of the following statements about the embryonic brain development is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is primarily derived from the neural canal?
Which structure is primarily derived from the neural canal?
Signup and view all the answers
What could be a potential effect of retained ATNR beyond 6 months of age?
What could be a potential effect of retained ATNR beyond 6 months of age?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reflex is primarily associated with difficulties in reading, including dyslexia?
Which reflex is primarily associated with difficulties in reading, including dyslexia?
Signup and view all the answers
In testing the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR), what is the expected response when the head is flexed?
In testing the Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR), what is the expected response when the head is flexed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential motor skill challenge faced by a child with retained ATNR?
What is a potential motor skill challenge faced by a child with retained ATNR?
Signup and view all the answers
If an infant shows strong ATNR beyond the age of 6 months, which developmental aspect might be most affected?
If an infant shows strong ATNR beyond the age of 6 months, which developmental aspect might be most affected?
Signup and view all the answers
What primary function does the occipital lobe serve?
What primary function does the occipital lobe serve?
Signup and view all the answers
At what point does peak myelination of nerves occur in infants?
At what point does peak myelination of nerves occur in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lobe is primarily responsible for processing sensory information from all sensory neurons except for vision and hearing?
Which lobe is primarily responsible for processing sensory information from all sensory neurons except for vision and hearing?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does myelin play in the nervous system?
What role does myelin play in the nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
When does myelination begin in fetal development?
When does myelination begin in fetal development?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function is primarily linked to the frontal lobe?
Which function is primarily linked to the frontal lobe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the myelin sheath?
What is the significance of the myelin sheath?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lobe of the brain is associated with musical discrimination?
Which lobe of the brain is associated with musical discrimination?
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of brain development, what does the term 'white matter' refer to?
In the context of brain development, what does the term 'white matter' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the Moro Reflex in infants?
What is the significance of the Moro Reflex in infants?
Signup and view all the answers
At what gestational age does the Moro Reflex typically onset?
At what gestational age does the Moro Reflex typically onset?
Signup and view all the answers
What potential issues can arise if the Moro Reflex does not integrate?
What potential issues can arise if the Moro Reflex does not integrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a typical response observed during the Moro Reflex test?
Which of the following is a typical response observed during the Moro Reflex test?
Signup and view all the answers
What issue might arise if a child demonstrates a poor pincer grip as they grow older?
What issue might arise if a child demonstrates a poor pincer grip as they grow older?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common presentation of a child exhibiting a Moro Reflex?
What is a common presentation of a child exhibiting a Moro Reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a tight grip on a pencil in older children indicate?
What does a tight grip on a pencil in older children indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reflex is typically replaced by the adult startle reaction?
Which reflex is typically replaced by the adult startle reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a sign of motor development issues in older children?
Which of the following is not a sign of motor development issues in older children?
Signup and view all the answers
What might poor speech and articulation in children indicate?
What might poor speech and articulation in children indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary significance of the plantar grasp reflex?
What is the primary significance of the plantar grasp reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the expected time frame for the integration of the palmar grasp reflex?
What is the expected time frame for the integration of the palmar grasp reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs if the plantar grasp reflex does not integrate by 9 months?
What occurs if the plantar grasp reflex does not integrate by 9 months?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main stimulus for the palmar grasp reflex?
What is the main stimulus for the palmar grasp reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
How might the absence of integration of the palmar grasp reflex affect self-care?
How might the absence of integration of the palmar grasp reflex affect self-care?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an observable response during the plantar grasp reflex?
What is an observable response during the plantar grasp reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
At what gestational age does the palmar grasp reflex onset?
At what gestational age does the palmar grasp reflex onset?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does poor integration of the plantar grasp reflex have on a child's standing ability?
What impact does poor integration of the plantar grasp reflex have on a child's standing ability?
Signup and view all the answers
What specific age range indicates when the plantar grasp reflex should integrate?
What specific age range indicates when the plantar grasp reflex should integrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential difficulty resulting from an unintegrated palmar grasp reflex?
Which of the following is a potential difficulty resulting from an unintegrated palmar grasp reflex?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
### PT Through the Lifecycle (PTA 1011)
- This course covers the development of the neurologic system, central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Key developmental stages are tracked, pre- and post-natal, through adolescence
- These include motor milestones and reflexes
- Learning objectives include tracing neurologic development, identifying CNS/PNS levels, and understanding developmental stages
Key Terms
- Blastocyte
- Central Nervous System
- Embryonic stage
- Germinal stage
- Peripheral nervous system
- Primitive reflexes
- Rigidity
- Tone
- Zygote
Nervous System Development
- The nervous system develops from a few cells of the primitive ectoderm, the "neural tube"
- The neural tube develops into the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
- Basic CNS form is completed by the 6th week of gestation
- Disease or injury to the developing CNS or PNS can affect a child's development
- It's important to understand how the nervous system develops
Neural Tube Defects
- Folic acid and vitamin B-12 are important during the first trimester to prevent deficiencies
- Deficiencies may cause neural tube defects
- Spina bifida can result if the posterior neural tube does not close properly
Embryonic Brain Development
- Early in development, the cerebral surface is smooth
- Folding begins in month 6, and convolutions become more obvious as development continues
- Key parts of the brain develop during this stage
Brain Development
- If cells continue to multiply and compress the cerebral aqueduct, it can lead to congenital hydrocephalus
- Hydrocephalus occurs when there's an increase in cerebrospinal fluid ("water on the brain")
Nervous System Development and Function
- The brain is the only organ not fully developed at birth
- By birth, the brain is about ¼ the size of an adult brain
- Average brain weights for birth, 6 years, and adulthood are given
- Brain consists of gray and white matter
- Myelin is an electrically insulating material forming the myelin sheath
The Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
- Frontal lobe- controls cognition, awareness, abstract thinking, mood, and impulse control; also includes motor cortex and expressive language
- Occipital lobe- controls visual stimuli; includes visual cortex
- Temporal lobe- controls language, receptive language, and auditory cortex and musical discrimination
- Parietal lobe- receives sensory messages and includes primary sensory cortex (except vision and hearing)
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Two hemispheres, each with three subdivisions (cortex, subcortical white matter, and basal ganglia)
- Cortex covers the outer surface of each hemisphere
- Subcortical white matter consists of highly concentrated myelinated fibers carrying information to and from the cortex
- Basal ganglia are nuclei acting as a cohesive unit involved with motor function
Cerebral Cortex
- Plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, language, thinking, and consciousness; divided into gyri (raised folds) and sulci (grooves)
- Allows information storage in the brain
Subcortical White Matter
- Acts in transmitting electrical impulses and controls many involuntary physical functions such as reflexes and balance- injuries to this area can cause lesions often difficult for children to recover from during development
Basal Ganglia
- A group of several structures deep in the cerebrum, involved in many functions including procedural learning, habits, routine behaviors, voluntary motor control, eye movements, cognitive emotional functions, muscle tone, and posture
- Involved in neurological conditions like Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, and OCD
Brainstem
- Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- Midbrain houses efferent pathways/nuclei for the CNS, concerned with vision, auditory, and pain pathways
- Pons contains nuclei of several CNS and acts as a relay station between the cortex, cerebellum, and efferent pathways
- Medulla oblongata regulates autonomic functions, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure; helps with transfer of messages to the spinal cord and thalamus and is a reflex center for coughing, sneezing, and swallowing; part of the hindbrain
Cerebellum
- In Latin, means "little brain"
- Made up of tightly folded gray matter
- Important role in motor control, coordination, precision, accuracy, hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills, attention, and language
Thalamus
- Surrounds almost completely, except for olfactory nerves
- All sensory information, except for smell, passes through the thalamus on its way to the cortex
- Conveys information regarding muscle tension and limb position sense to the cortex
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
- Allows signals to travel between the cortex, spinal cord, and peripheral muscles
- Separated into somatic (cranial nerves and spinal nerves) and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) systems for controlling circulation, respiration, digestion, metabolism, secretion, body temperature, and reproduction
- Afferent and efferent tracts carry sensory and motor messages
Postnatal Development (Infancy to Adulthood)
- Development is variable with a constant drive to progress from infants to toddlers, early childhood, and through middle childhood to adolescence, then young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood
Normal Postnatal Development
- Is variable and there's a constant drive for overall development from infancy to adulthood.
- Factors affecting motor development are also covered, and include social-emotional development, environmental, and cultural factors
Motor Development Concepts, and Directional Concepts
- Motor development is based on prior development (like building a pyramid).
- Motor development occurs in a sequence of head-to-toe and proximal-to-distal, with flexion preceding extension
- The developmental sequence is orderly, starting with head control and progressing to rolling, sitting, creeping, and walking, which may overlap as several skills develop simultaneously
Primitive (Neonatal) Reflexes
- Reflex actions originating in the CNS, typically seen in normal infants
- Initially dominate an infant's movements, helping with development and motor control against gravity
- They usually disappear or are inhibited by the frontal lobe during normal development
Assessing Primitive Reflexes
- Symptoms
- Physical tests
- Reflex strengths (0 = integrated, 1 = moderately present/retained, 2 = strongly retained) are used to evaluate the degree of integration
Specific Primitive Reflexes (and their function and integration time):
- Rooting, Suck-Swallow, Flexor withdrawal, Crossed extension, Traction response, Grasp, Babinski, Positive Support, Walking/ Stepping Reflex, ATNR (asymmetrical tonic neck reflex), STNR (symmetrical tonic neck reflex), TLR (tonic labyrinthine reflex), Moro reflex. Galant reflex, Plantar Reflex, Palmar Grasp
Causes of Retained or Non-Integrated Primitive Reflexes
- Birth trauma
- C-section
- Premature birth
- Falls during pregnancy
- Head trauma
- Toxin exposure to mother
- Chronic ear infections
- Delayed/skipped creeping/crawling
- Anesthesia
- Neurological disease (Cerebral Palsy, autism)
- Vertebral subluxations
- Abnormal muscle tone
- Upper Motor Neuron Lesion, stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), or multiple sclerosis
Techniques to Help Break Up Primitive Reflexes
- Specific exercises and positions are designed to help integrate, re-integrate, and decrease the influence of these reflexes.
- Include slow angels, robot exercises, and others for specific reflexes.
Learning Assessment Questions
- Questions on the development of certain reflexes and the stages of development are included.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on fetal development and the formation of the central nervous system. This quiz covers crucial aspects such as the role of the primitive ectoderm, neural tube defects, and major developmental changes during pregnancy. Answer questions surrounding critical weeks and important vitamins for healthy development.
