Preventive and Social Medicine Overview

Water that contains high levels of dissolved minerals, mainly calcium and magnesium.

The process of adding fluoride to drinking water to prevent tooth decay.

A method of water purification that involves heating the water to a high temperature for a specific time to kill harmful microorganisms.

A chemical used for water disinfection that kills bacteria and viruses.

A method of water purification involving the use of UV light to kill harmful microorganisms by damaging their DNA.

The measurement of how easily water can transmit light.

The amount of dissolved minerals, mainly calcium and magnesium, in water.

The presence of excess dissolved minerals in water, often resulting from natural sources like rocks and soil.

The recommended daily protein intake for infants aged 0-3 months is 2.3 grams per kilogram of body weight.

During pregnancy, women need an additional 14 grams of protein per day.

The recommended daily intake of sodium for adults is between 10 and 15 milligrams.

There are 14 essential trace elements that the body needs in very small amounts.

Iron is a trace element essential for health, but magnesium is a major mineral needed in larger quantities.

Pregnant women need an additional 40 milligrams of iron each day.

The weight of a standard Indian reference man is 55 kilograms.

The weight of a standard Indian reference woman is 45 kilograms.

The study of the relationship between the environment and human health, focusing on how environmental factors impact human biology.

These methods are used in hygiene science to study environmental factors and their impact on human health.

These are negative effects caused by environmental factors, impacting human health and the planet.

These factors contribute to human health. Some are directly environmental while others are inherited or related to disease.

A significant portion of illness is attributed to ecological factors, according to the World Health Organization.

A German biologist who is widely recognized as the founder of ecology.

The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs and most life exists.

Air pollution can cause a variety of health issues, especially affecting the respiratory and immune systems.

The process of gradually exposing the body to cooler temperatures to strengthen its resistance to cold.

The ideal time to start hardening a child is when they are 3 months old. This is when their immune system is more developed and able to handle the changes in temperature.

Factors that should be considered when choosing a hardening method include the child's age, sex, overall health, and how much subcutaneous fat they have.

The starting water temperature for hardening should be the same as the child's body temperature. This helps to ensure they are comfortable and don't experience a sudden shock.

The health problems commonly seen in school children include malnutrition, dental caries, and skin, eye, or ear diseases.

The school health committee in India recommends medical examinations for school children every four years.

Medical examinations of school children are typically conducted by a doctor. This ensures that a qualified professional is assessing their health and well-being.

The recommended land area for a higher elementary school is 10 acres. This provides enough space for classrooms, playgrounds, and other facilities.

The amount of protein needed daily during lactation is 25 grams.

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid, not an essential fatty acid. Essential fatty acids cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.

The suggested intake of fat is around 20% of the total energy requirements.

Proximate principles refer to the major constituents of food, which include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Minerals are not included.

Pulses, such as lentils and beans, contain a high protein content, typically ranging from 22% to 24% per 100 grams.

Soybeans have a very high protein content, reaching around 40% per 100 grams.

Cereals like rice and wheat contain a moderate amount of protein, ranging from 7% to 12% per 100 grams.

Leucine is an amino acid that can interfere with the conversion of tryptophan into niacin (vitamin B3), a process essential for energy metabolism and cell growth.

A common test for detecting lead exposure, measuring the amount of lead present in the blood is a reliable indicator.

A chronic occupational disease primarily caused by exposure to lead. Symptoms include anemia, fatigue, headaches, and neurological problems.

Various substances including asbestos, nickel, and coal tar are recognized as carcinogenic agents that significantly increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

Aniline, a chemical widely used in the dye industry, is a primary contributor to bladder cancer. Exposure to aniline and its derivatives can lead to the development of bladder cancer.

Certain chemicals, known as carcinogens, are linked to bladder cancer. These include beta-napthylamine, benzidine, and auramine. These substances are known to damage the cells lining the bladder, increasing the risk of cancer.

Occupational cancer often develops after prolonged exposure to specific carcinogens. It typically occurs earlier in life compared to general cancer and often stops progressing if exposure is discontinued.

The rationale behind mandatory reporting of occupational diseases is to provide compensation to workers who have been affected by these diseases and to improve worker safety.

The Indian Factories Act of 1948 was later amended in 1976 to encompass a broader range of workplace safety and health regulations.