Preventive and Curative Medicine Overview

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe the cause of a disease?

Pathogenesis

Involved System

Outcome

Etiology (correct)

Which option describes an aspect related to the outcome of a medical condition?

Diagnosis

Fatal or Nonfatal (correct)

Risk Factors

Symptoms

Which of the following refers to the system in the body that is affected by a disease?

Etiology

Clinical Feature

Prognosis

Involved System (correct)

What is a common way to categorize the outcomes of medical conditions?

Fatal and Nonfatal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component related to understanding diseases?

Community Impact Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary prevention measure focused on controlling the environment?

Health Education Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a secondary prevention measure?

Drastic control measures Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is specifically related to case finding in community control measures?

Screening for diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which measure is not considered a primary prevention tactic?

Epidemiologic Investigation Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, what is a method used in epidemiologic investigation?

Disease modeling Signup and view all the answers

What is the protection range provided by certain vaccines such as TAB and cholera?

40-60% Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is noted for providing local immunity in the small intestine?

Sabin vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine gives local immunity in the nasal mucosa?

Influenza intranasal vaccine Signup and view all the answers

How do certain vaccines provide immunity to the body?

By targeting specific mucosal areas Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of vaccines like TAB and cholera regarding immunity?

They offer partial immunity that may require boosters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is associated with asbestos exposure?

Mesothelioma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term risk of benzene exposure?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the development of cancer linked to physical agents?

Duration of exposure Signup and view all the answers

Arsenic exposure is primarily linked to which types of cancer?

Lung and skin cancers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents is known to cause leukemia?

Benzene Signup and view all the answers

What does vaccination coverage refer to?

The proportion of at-risk individuals who are immunized against a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of booster immunization?

To enhance and prolong the immune response after the primary immunization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT typically considered in the process of immunization?

Vaccine pricing strategies Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most critical for improving vaccination coverage in at-risk populations?

Increasing awareness and accessibility of immunization programs Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cost efficacy' in relation to vaccination imply?

The effectiveness of vaccines in preventing disease relative to their cost Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential for the prevention of hospital-acquired infections?

Sanitation of the environment Signup and view all the answers

What does proper healthy behavior among medical care providers include?

Maintaining clean habits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method used to sanitize the hospital environment?

Incineration of hospital disposals Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a recommended practice for sanitary surroundings in a hospital?

Ignoring spills and stains Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to creating a sanitary surrounding area in the hospital?

Proper waste management Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

L1: Introduction

Preventive medicine: prevents disease and promotes health, proactive, deals with the whole community
Curative medicine: treats disease, reactive, deals with individual cases
Types of health: physical, social, mental, spiritual
Spectrum of health: ideal (perfect), positive (equilibrium, adjusts to environment), negative (cannot adjust to environment), unapparent disease (appears on tests but no symptoms), apparent disease (symptoms present), death
Signs of good health: physical health (no disease), social health (positive interactions, fulfilling responsibility), mental health (sensitivity to others, controlling emotions, confidence, peaceful)

L2: General Epidemiology I

Epidemiology: study of distribution, determinants, and dynamics of health-related states, and its application
Distribution: factors related to time, place, and person (e.g., year, climatic zone, age, birth order, family size, etc.)
Determinants: include agent (biological, chemical, physical, and nutritional factors), host (susceptibility), and environmental factors (also ecological triad)

L3: General Epidemiology II

Importance of carrier: freely moving in community, clinically healthy, large number, long infectivity period
Types of carriers: incubatory (becomes infective last days of incubation period), convalescent (during healing), contact (polluted environment), healthy (high immunity)
Classifications of carriers: transient, temporary, permanent (chronic), foci of infection (skin, urinary, gastro-intestinal, respiratory) and portal of exit and etc.

L4: Mode of transmission

Droplet (airborne) infection: direct or indirect method, e.g., bacterial, viral infections. Predisposing factors e.g., overcrowding, bad ventilation, bad health habits
Foodborne infection: direct or indirect transmission, e.g., contaminated food through vehicle transmission, etc. Predisposing factors e.g., poor sanitization, lack of supervision
Contact infection (STDs): organisms or parasites invading the skin or mucous membrane, e.g., tetanus, gas gangrene, syphilis.
Arthropod-borne infection examples: mechanical transmission (e.g., house flies), biological transmission (e.g., mosquitoes).

L5: Immunity

Innate immunity: natural barriers (e.g., skin, eyes, respiratory system), inner body defense (e.g., plasma with lysozyme, phagocytosis)
Acquired immunity: types (passive natural: breast milk, illness, active natural: illness recovery, passive artificial: harvested antibodies, active artificial: vaccines), trans-placental materno-foetal immunity, and colostrum/breast milk containing IgA & lysozymes & macrophages
Active natural acquired immunity: subclinical, clinical infections (e.g., solid/long-lasting: measles, mumps, chicken pox, and short-lived: influenza).
Herd immunity: resistance of a group to the spread of infection, occurs when a high percentage of the community is immune, and measures (e.g., frequency of new introductions, mixing of population, duration of infectious periods)

L6: Vaccines & Toxoids

Types of vaccines: Live (e.g., small pox, attenuated, subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, conjugate), killed/inactivated (heat/chemical, e.g., pertussis), viral vector (e.g., Covid-19), mixed/combined
Live attenuated vaccines: potent, only one dose (except polio), not for pregnant, immunodeficient
Killed or inactivated vaccines: require 2-3 doses/sometimes booster, given intramuscular/subcutaneously.

L7: Seroprophylaxis & Chemoprophylaxis

Normal human immunoglobulins (NHI): prepared from volunteers plasma, used for prevention if given early, general prevention.
Specific human immunoglobulins (SHI): prepared from plasma, used to prevent viral diseases.
Chemoprophylaxis: uses antibiotics, given immediately or before exposure, used in cases that could not be prevented by vaccination.
Comparing animal vs. human seroprophylaxis
Indications for chemoprophylaxis: if vaccinations are contraindicated, during epidemics

L8: Prevention of infectious diseases

Primary prevention: measures taken for healthy individuals to prevent disease occurrence (e.g., community development (income, education, health services), environmental sanitation, health education, immunization, chemoprophylaxis)
Secondary prevention: focuses on controlling and reducing disease incidence (e.g., isolation of cases, sanitization of cases, disinfection, contact control)

L9: Control measures

Aims of secondary prevention (control measures): to reduce the incidence of disease, duration, effects, and financial burden
Isolation of cases: required for quarantinable diseases, including severe endemic diseases such as diphtheria, meningitis, typhoid
Disinfection of cases: involves treating infective discharges, contaminated articles, etc.

L10: Hospital-acquired infection (nosocomial)

Nosocomial infections: infections from hospitals, examples include staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus hemolyticus
General hospital infections: e.g., staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, other bacteria
Maternity hospital infections: e.g., staph, aureus, streptococcus

L11: Meningitis

Causative organism: purulent (septic, e.g., meningococcus, streptococcus), aseptic (e.g., viruses (enteroviruses), and granulomatous (e.g., TB, fungi, syphilis)
Reservoir: human (often with unique symptoms)
Mode of transmission: direct droplet infection (direct contact with carriers, etc.), droplet nuclei and articles are less common
Symptoms/signs: include fever, headache, neck rigidity, and others
Diagnosis: includes clinical picture, laboratory (blood culture, CSF exam, Nasopharyngeal swab)
Prevention: includes chemoprophylaxis (e.g., rifampicin) and vaccination (e.g., quadrivalent A-C-Y-W135)
Complications: may include hydrocephalus, optic neuritis, nerve deafness, ocular nerve palsy, and arthritis

L12,13,14,15,16,17,18: (details will be in future lectures)

This section has been grouped because details aren't in these notes and will be in subsequent lectures

L19: Diarrheal & Food Poisoning

Acute watery diarrhea/dysentery: loose/watery stools (≥3 times in 24 hours), with or without blood
Invasive diarrhea/dysentery: inflammation of the distal small bowel and colonic mucosa caused by bacteria or viruses
Persistent diarrhea: ≥14 days of loose/watery/bloody stools
Causes: bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, cholera, campylobacter), viral (rotavirus), fungal (Candida albicans), parasitic (Entamoeba, Giardia), and other causes (e.g., dietary factors, food allergies, etc.)
Complications: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, malnutrition, infections
Diagnosis: clinical assessment (hydration, nutritional, co-morbid conditions) and laboratory tests (stool examination, blood tests).
Prevention: proper sanitation, safe water supply, adequate nourishment

L20,21,22,23,24: (details will be in future lectures)

L25: Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus: common group of metabolic disorders
Definition: fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or more
Prevalence: estimated at 6% of the world's population and increasing, geographically concentrated
Epidemiological Features: higher in urban areas and high-income countries, significant morbidity
Classification: insulin-dependent (Type 1), non-insulin dependent (Type 2)
Types 1 and 2 etiology and differences

L26: Cancer

Cancer: malignant tumors/neoplasms, mostly form in epithelial cells, can be caused by many factors
Types: carcinoma (most common), sarcoma (e.g., bone, soft tissue), leukemia (blood-forming tissue), lymphoma (lymphocytes), brain, spinal cord cancers (gliomas)
General signs/symptoms: unexplained weight loss, fever, fatigue, pain, skin changes
Risk factors: tobacco, diet/obesity, infections, radiation, lack of physical activity, genetic predisposition, chronic infections.
Note: Unequal distribution of cancer, lifestyle differences and chronic infection can affect patterns.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of preventive and curative medicine. It covers various health types, the spectrum of health, and significant signs of good health. Additionally, it provides insights into the principles of epidemiology and its relevance in understanding health-related dynamics.