Preventive Medicine: Biostatistics 1

<p>The true positive results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it is a complex statistical formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of a true positive result given the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To answer clinical questions about the probability of a disease given a test result</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bayes theorem is the formula for the positive predictive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity and specificity of the test, and prevalence of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To calculate the posterior probability of the disease given a positive test result</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The estimated prevalence of a disease in a similar population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of the disease after a test result is known</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True-positive and false-positive results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive predictive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the prior probability was higher in the second calculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To confirm the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because most positive results may be falsely positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict the proportion of true-positive results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive predictive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To plan appropriate follow-up for test-positive individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevalent cases are previously detected, while incident cases are newly detected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apply the test's sensitivity and specificity to the anticipated prevalence of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the overall performance of the test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the first screening detects prevalent cases, while the second screening detects incident cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rule in a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starting with the most sensitive test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is more economical in the care of outpatients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the types of data required for clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identify and set limits to the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor diagnosis due to ignoring negative results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reliably positive when disease is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the accuracy of diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps healthcare workers understand patient values before making major decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps clinicians take a disciplined approach to decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decision nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maximize utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To see how the results of the analysis are affected by varying assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient's current clinical status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a decimal value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To visualize the possible outcomes and decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chance nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To estimate the likelihood of a particular outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To select pertinent studies for further analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the variability in methods among studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate forest plots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a comparable measure of effect size</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To show whether or not trials support an association</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clearly stated set of objectives with predefined eligibility criteria for studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To commit to expressing a summary judgment about the overall weight of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to raw data from multiple studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A systematic review does not provide a summary judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify all studies that would meet the eligibility criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A meta-analysis is a type of systematic review</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Raw data from multiple studies are obtained and aggregated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When trials addressing a given research question differ substantially in measures, methods, or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To see how sensitive the conclusions are to changes in assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the statistical power and external validity of the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aggregate findings from multiple studies addressing a similar research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To choose the best branch at each decision node</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cannot be used in problems with repetitive outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not generalizeable to other populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they have family responsibilities and want to avoid immediate surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to determine the most cost-effective strategy for eliminating a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A systematic review is qualitative, while a meta-analysis is quantitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A probability of death from waiting that is slightly more than twice the risk of operating now</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate data based on large, diverse samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To find decisions that are clearly less satisfactory than others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not consider the timing of deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows researchers to aggregate findings from multiple studies addressing a broad research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate data based on large, diverse samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The balance between operating now and waiting is maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In public health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited resources and funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate problems with repetitive outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reach reliable and generalizable conclusions from the medical literature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify the quantity and quality of evidence in a broad topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agent assumes that the probability of one person requiring nursing home care is independent of the other person</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To answer a specific question about a topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect fallacies in probability and risk calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence mapping is used for broad topics, while systematic review is used for specific topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support healthcare policy development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide the articulation of specific, more narrowly framed questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a broad overview of a topic and guides the articulation of specific questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of one event is not influenced by the other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the probability of two events being true</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 25% chance of getting two heads in a row</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of the husband needing nursing home care is not influenced by the wife's probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the probability of both partners needing nursing home care</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p(H-) × p(W-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of the husband needing nursing home care is not influenced by the wife's probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the probability of two events occurring jointly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He added the probabilities instead of multiplying them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the probability of one event occurring under all possible conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wives are often younger and may take care of their husbands at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help health care workers pursue a logical, step-by-step approach to exploring possible clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance statistical power and support external validity (generalizability) of study findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the probability of two independent events occurring jointly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The product of the probabilities of the two events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To plan for long-term care and insurance needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of the husband being confined is independent of the probability of the wife being confined</p> Signup and view all the answers