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Questions and Answers
What are the characteristic signs of rubella infection?
What are the characteristic signs of rubella infection?
What is the primary and most effective strategy to prevent rubella?
What is the primary and most effective strategy to prevent rubella?
Which age group is most commonly affected by rubella?
Which age group is most commonly affected by rubella?
What notable risks does rubella pose to pregnant women?
What notable risks does rubella pose to pregnant women?
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What are Forscheimer spots?
What are Forscheimer spots?
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Why are Koplik spots significant compared to Forscheimer spots?
Why are Koplik spots significant compared to Forscheimer spots?
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What treatment is commonly given for bacterial complications related to rubella?
What treatment is commonly given for bacterial complications related to rubella?
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What is the significant consequence of maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy?
What is the significant consequence of maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy?
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What is the most severe outcome for a fetus if a pregnant woman contracts rubella during the first two months of pregnancy?
What is the most severe outcome for a fetus if a pregnant woman contracts rubella during the first two months of pregnancy?
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What is the primary method of transmission for the rubella virus?
What is the primary method of transmission for the rubella virus?
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What is the likelihood of a fetus developing a congenital defect if the rubella infection occurs during the third month of pregnancy?
What is the likelihood of a fetus developing a congenital defect if the rubella infection occurs during the third month of pregnancy?
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What is a common manifestation of congenital rubella syndrome?
What is a common manifestation of congenital rubella syndrome?
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How long can infants with congenital rubella shed large quantities of the virus after birth?
How long can infants with congenital rubella shed large quantities of the virus after birth?
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What is the typical initial symptom of chickenpox?
What is the typical initial symptom of chickenpox?
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Why is the smallpox vaccine no longer required for travel?
Why is the smallpox vaccine no longer required for travel?
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Which age group is most commonly affected by chickenpox?
Which age group is most commonly affected by chickenpox?
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What is a hallmark feature of the chickenpox rash?
What is a hallmark feature of the chickenpox rash?
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What is a prominent feature of monkeypox?
What is a prominent feature of monkeypox?
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What preventive measure can be taken against chickenpox?
What preventive measure can be taken against chickenpox?
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Which of the following statements about the smallpox vaccine is true?
Which of the following statements about the smallpox vaccine is true?
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What are some common symptoms associated with complications from the smallpox vaccine?
What are some common symptoms associated with complications from the smallpox vaccine?
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What laboratory method can be used for diagnosis of chickenpox?
What laboratory method can be used for diagnosis of chickenpox?
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Which group may experience more complications from the smallpox vaccine?
Which group may experience more complications from the smallpox vaccine?
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How long does it typically take for chickenpox blisters to dry and form scabs?
How long does it typically take for chickenpox blisters to dry and form scabs?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended control measure for chickenpox?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended control measure for chickenpox?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with monkeypox?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with monkeypox?
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What appearance do vesicles in chickenpox often resemble?
What appearance do vesicles in chickenpox often resemble?
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What is the primary reason for the discontinuation of the smallpox vaccine?
What is the primary reason for the discontinuation of the smallpox vaccine?
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What complication is specifically mentioned with regards to the smallpox vaccine?
What complication is specifically mentioned with regards to the smallpox vaccine?
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What typically follows the initial spread of the chickenpox rash?
What typically follows the initial spread of the chickenpox rash?
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Which of the following symptoms might indicate the onset of chickenpox?
Which of the following symptoms might indicate the onset of chickenpox?
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Which of the following best describes a condition related to monkeypox?
Which of the following best describes a condition related to monkeypox?
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What type of disease can result from infections with orthopoxviruses?
What type of disease can result from infections with orthopoxviruses?
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Which of the following is a non-specific symptom that can occur with various viral infections, including monkeypox?
Which of the following is a non-specific symptom that can occur with various viral infections, including monkeypox?
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Which species is most well-known from the genus Orthopoxvirus?
Which species is most well-known from the genus Orthopoxvirus?
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What is the only known prevention method for smallpox?
What is the only known prevention method for smallpox?
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How long does smallpox vaccination provide protection?
How long does smallpox vaccination provide protection?
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What kind of rash progression is associated with smallpox?
What kind of rash progression is associated with smallpox?
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Why has smallpox been considered a disease of the past?
Why has smallpox been considered a disease of the past?
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What can result from smallpox aside from a skin rash?
What can result from smallpox aside from a skin rash?
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Which of the following viruses is NOT part of the Orthopoxvirus genus?
Which of the following viruses is NOT part of the Orthopoxvirus genus?
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When was the last naturally occurring case of smallpox reported?
When was the last naturally occurring case of smallpox reported?
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What makes smallpox particularly deadly compared to other poxviruses?
What makes smallpox particularly deadly compared to other poxviruses?
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Qual es le percento de aumento del titer durante le prime e secunde menses de graviditate?
Qual es le percento de aumento del titer durante le prime e secunde menses de graviditate?
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Qual defectos congenitales es associate con un infeccione de rubella durante le tertie mense?
Qual defectos congenitales es associate con un infeccione de rubella durante le tertie mense?
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Qual es le percento de defectos congenitales si le infeccione de rubella occurre durante le quarte mense?
Qual es le percento de defectos congenitales si le infeccione de rubella occurre durante le quarte mense?
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Qual es le consequence gravemente associate con le infeccione de rubella durante le prime duas menses de graviditate?
Qual es le consequence gravemente associate con le infeccione de rubella durante le prime duas menses de graviditate?
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Durante qual mense es le risco de defectos congenitales le plus basse si rubella es contractate?
Durante qual mense es le risco de defectos congenitales le plus basse si rubella es contractate?
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Quo parece esser le reservoir natural pro le virus herpes simplex?
Quo parece esser le reservoir natural pro le virus herpes simplex?
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Quale symptomate non es generalmente associato con l'infection herpes simplex?
Quale symptomate non es generalmente associato con l'infection herpes simplex?
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Quo es le modo de transmission pro le virus varicella?
Quo es le modo de transmission pro le virus varicella?
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Quale virus es principalmente responsabile pro l'herpes labialis?
Quale virus es principalmente responsabile pro l'herpes labialis?
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Quale symptomate es caracteristic pro le infection primari con le virus varicella?
Quale symptomate es caracteristic pro le infection primari con le virus varicella?
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Quale es le methodo diagnostic principal pro l'infection con herpes simplex?
Quale es le methodo diagnostic principal pro l'infection con herpes simplex?
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Quale treatment es utilizzate pro le vermiculum de papilomavirus humano?
Quale treatment es utilizzate pro le vermiculum de papilomavirus humano?
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Quale virus causa le 'sindrome de roseola'?
Quale virus causa le 'sindrome de roseola'?
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Quale de le sequente non es un modo de transmission pro le virus herpes simplex?
Quale de le sequente non es un modo de transmission pro le virus herpes simplex?
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Quale symptomate es typic pro le reactivation del virus varicella?
Quale symptomate es typic pro le reactivation del virus varicella?
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Quale de le sequente non es un symptomate de infection per parvovirus B19?
Quale de le sequente non es un symptomate de infection per parvovirus B19?
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Quale population es generalmente afectate per le herpes labialis?
Quale population es generalmente afectate per le herpes labialis?
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Quale de le sequente es un virus enveloppate?
Quale de le sequente es un virus enveloppate?
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Quo es un passo importante de prevenzione pro le herpes simplex?
Quo es un passo importante de prevenzione pro le herpes simplex?
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What is the most common clinical manifestation of recurrent HSV-1 infections?
What is the most common clinical manifestation of recurrent HSV-1 infections?
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Which factor is NOT associated with HSV reactivation?
Which factor is NOT associated with HSV reactivation?
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Where does the herpes simplex virus establish latency after the primary infection?
Where does the herpes simplex virus establish latency after the primary infection?
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What is the treatment of choice for herpes simplex virus infections?
What is the treatment of choice for herpes simplex virus infections?
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What is the primary disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
What is the primary disease caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is a common manifestation of symptomatic infection with Parvovirus B19?
What is a common manifestation of symptomatic infection with Parvovirus B19?
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Which virus was successfully eradicated due to the absence of subclinical infections?
Which virus was successfully eradicated due to the absence of subclinical infections?
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Which of the following viruses is NOT associated with a rash as a primary symptom?
Which of the following viruses is NOT associated with a rash as a primary symptom?
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What is the predominant mode of transmission for Human Herpesvirus 6?
What is the predominant mode of transmission for Human Herpesvirus 6?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Measles infection?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Measles infection?
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What type of virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer among other conditions?
What type of virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer among other conditions?
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When does reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus typically lead to zoster?
When does reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus typically lead to zoster?
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Which virus is characterized by lymphadenopathy as a prominent feature during infection?
Which virus is characterized by lymphadenopathy as a prominent feature during infection?
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What type of virus is Molluscum contagiosum classified as?
What type of virus is Molluscum contagiosum classified as?
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What is a common characteristic of infections caused by papillomaviruses?
What is a common characteristic of infections caused by papillomaviruses?
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Which condition is not predisposed to zoster reactivation?
Which condition is not predisposed to zoster reactivation?
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What is the principal effect of Rubella infection during pregnancy?
What is the principal effect of Rubella infection during pregnancy?
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What describes the immunity status after Measles infection?
What describes the immunity status after Measles infection?
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Study Notes
Prevention and Control of Adenopathy
- Symptomatic treatment is common; antibiotics may be used for bacterial complications.
- Large doses of immunoglobulin may provide therapeutic benefits.
- Vaccination is the primary method for preventing measles and is cost-effective.
Rubella Virus Overview
- Known as German Measles or 3-Day Measles, identifiable by a distinct red rash.
- Often presents with mild or no symptoms but can be serious for pregnant women, leading to congenital defects.
- Link between maternal rubella and birth defects recognized in 1941.
- Most commonly affects children aged 5-9, but cases in older groups are rising due to vaccine use.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- Exposure to the rubella virus during early pregnancy can cause severe complications including fetal death and premature delivery.
- The risk of congenital defects is higher the earlier the infection occurs during gestation.
Smallpox (Variola)
- Smallpox is a serious and highly contagious disease, now considered eradicated since 1980 due to effective vaccination.
- Last natural case reported in Somalia in 1977; stored only in research labs.
- No specific treatment exists for smallpox; vaccination is the sole prevention method, effective for up to 10 years.
Vaccination and Smallpox
- Smallpox vaccine complications can be severe in immunocompromised individuals, leading to various adverse symptoms.
- Vaccination is no longer required for travel since smallpox no longer poses a threat.
Other Poxvirus Infections
- Other poxviruses primarily affect children, presenting with symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, and a blister-like rash.
- Rash typically starts on the face and spreads over the body, generally drying out and forming scabs within a week.
- Varicella (chickenpox) can show vesicular stages of rash simultaneously.
Transmission of Rubella Virus
- Droplet infection through respiratory secretions is the primary mode of transmission, especially when the rash is erupting.
- The virus can be shed from the throat up to 15 days before and after rash onset.
- Subclinical cases can also transmit the virus, and congenital rubella patients may shed the virus long-term.
Classic Triad of Congenital Rubella Syndrome
- Chance of fetal complications decreases as pregnancy progresses:
- Up to 85% risk of defects if infection occurs in the first two months.
- In the third month, a 30-35% chance of defects such as deafness, cataracts, and heart disease.
- By the fourth month, there is a reduced risk of 10% for congenital defects.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- HSV-1 and HSV-2 are enveloped DNA viruses from the Herpesviridae family, causing lifelong persistent infections.
- Location: HSV-1 typically resides in the trigeminal ganglia; HSV-2 in sacral ganglia.
- Transmission: Primarily via direct contact with secretions or lesions. Asymptomatic shedding can also occur.
- Symptoms: Includes lesions (cold sores, genital lesions), fever, malaise, and neurological complications (encephalitis).
- Diagnosis: Culture via monkey kidney cells, serology, PCR, and Tzanck smear for giant cells.
- Treatment: Antivirals like acyclovir; prevention includes safe sex, hygiene, and avoidance of contact with lesions.
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV - HHV-3)
- Causes both primary infection (chickenpox) and reactivation (shingles).
- Primary Infection Symptoms: Low-grade fever, malaise, and pruritic rash starting on the face and trunk.
- Transmission: Via respiratory droplets and direct contact with lesions.
- Reactivation Symptoms (Shingles): Painful vesicular rash following a dermatomal distribution, typically on the thoracic or craniofacial area.
- Diagnosis: Culture, serology, or immunofluorescence; Tzanck smear may be used.
- Prevention: Live attenuated vaccine; hygiene important to prevent spreading.
Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6)
- Known for causing roseola infantum, primarily affecting young children.
- Symptoms: Sudden high fever followed by a maculopapular rash on the trunk and neck.
- Transmission: Via saliva, particularly among organ transplant recipients.
- Diagnosis: Clinical presentation alongside laboratory confirmation through serology.
Human Parvovirus B19
- Causes erythema infectiosum, also known as "slapped cheek" disease.
- Symptoms: Mild rash illness with a lace-like rash on limbs and trunk, often fading in 2-4 days.
- Transmission: Human-to-human via saliva, respiratory secretions, and blood.
- Affected Population: All ages, particularly during late winter and early spring.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Causes various epithelial cell tumors, particularly warts.
- Types: Common warts, plantar warts, flat warts, and genital warts (condylomata acuminata).
- Transmission: Direct contact with warts or indirect contact through fomites.
- Common Treatments: Topical agents (Podophyllin, 5-Fluorouracil), electrocautery.
- Prevention: HPV vaccination (bivalent, quadrivalent, and ninevalent strains available).
Poxviruses
- Characteristics: Largest and most complex DNA viruses that multiply in the cytoplasm; produce eruptive skin pustules.
- Infection Symptoms: Fever, malaise, and a macular rash that later forms vesicles/pustules.
- Transmission: Close contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials.
- Inclusion Bodies: Guarnieri’s bodies present within infected cells.### Smallpox and Monkeypox
- Variola Virus: Causes smallpox, known as "Disease of the Past."
- Transmission: Contagious via respiratory secretions, fomite contamination, and skin contact.
- Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, headache, muscular aches, and vesicular rash (raised, red, deep-pitted, and pus-filled).
- Fatality Rate: Smallpox was highly fatal, with distinctive scarring as a side effect.
- Monkeypox: Zoonotic disease linked to rodent and monkey reservoirs, presenting similarly to smallpox.
- Symptoms of Monkeypox: Rash develops 1-3 days after fever, includes lesions on the face, hands, chest, and genitals, accompanied by lymphadenopathy.
Molluscum Contagiosum and Orf
- Molluscum Contagiosum Virus: Causes itchy waxy lesions, usually umbilicated, commonly found on children.
- Transmission: Spread through direct skin contact and fomite contamination; avoid scratching the lesions.
- Orf Virus: Causes localized pustular dermatitis in humans, primarily affecting those working with sheep.
Rubeola (Measles)
- Rubeola Virus: Causes Measles, transmitted via respiratory aerosols and droplets.
- Symptoms: Cough, fever, conjunctivitis, maculopapular rash, and Koplik’s spots inside the mouth.
- Incubation Period: Approximately two weeks, with prodromal symptoms appearing before rash onset.
- Risks: Crowding and malnutrition increase susceptibility; complications include pneumonia, bronchitis, and encephalitis.
Rubella (German Measles)
- Rubella Virus: Causes rubella, transmitted through droplets.
- Symptoms: Rash, malaise, fever, conjunctivitis, and adenopathy.
- Forscheimer Spots: Lesions on the soft palate are diagnostic indicators.
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome: Can lead to serious health issues in infants, including deafness, cataracts, heart defects, and spontaneous abortion.
- Vaccination: Live attenuated vaccine provides protection against rubella and diminishes congenital cases.
General Prevention and Treatment
- Vaccination: Effective in preventing smallpox, measles, and rubella.
- Antibiotic Use: Typically not indicated for viral infections but may be used for secondary bacterial infections.
- Diagnosis: Includes serological tests (IgM, IgG), throat swabs, and PCR for confirmation of viral infections.
- Hygiene Practices: Avoid close contact and maintain personal hygiene to limit transmission.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- Gingivostomatitis and pharyngitis are the most common symptoms in first-episode HSV-1 infections.
- Recurrent herpes labialis is the primary manifestation of reactivated HSV-1.
- Over 90% of adults have HSV-1 antibodies by age 50; HSV-1 infections occur earlier than HSV-2.
- HSV-2 antibodies typically appear post-puberty; their prevalence correlates with sexual activity history.
- The virus can be isolated from vesicle fluid.
- Acyclovir is the most commonly used treatment for HSV infections.
- Clinical manifestations include vesicles and latency; the virus establishes latent infections in sensory neurons of the dorsal root (trigeminal) ganglion.
- Primary infection can also occur in the eye, fingers (herpetic whitlow), or injured skin (herpes gladiatorum).
- Reactivation triggers include febrile illnesses, sunlight, stress, trauma, menstruation, and immunocompromisation.
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
- VZV causes chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster).
- Humans are the only known reservoir for VZV.
- Chickenpox is highly contagious with at least a 90% attack rate among susceptible individuals.
- Characterized by crops of vesicles that evolve into pustules and eventually scab over.
- VZV establishes latent infections in the dorsal root ganglia after entering sensory nerve endings.
- Zoster reactivation typically presents in a thoracic dermatome and is unilateral.
- Transmission occurs through inhalation of respiratory droplets and direct contact with skin lesions.
- Conditions that predispose individuals to zoster include increasing age, immunocompromised status (due to various diseases and treatments), and trauma affecting the nervous system.
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
- Present in the saliva of over 85% of adults; causes roseola infantum (exanthem subitum).
- First isolated in 1986; most infections occur in infants within the first three years of life.
- Virus replicates in T and B cells and oropharynx, shedding into saliva.
- The virus persists in the body following initial infection.
Parvovirus B19 (B19V)
- Nonenveloped, icosahedral virus with a linear single-strand DNA genome.
- Exclusively infects humans; endemic infection.
- Resistant to heat and solvent detergents; mainly replicates in erythroid progenitors using blood group P antigen as its primary receptor.
- Transmission is primarily respiratory, followed by rash and arthralgia onset.
- By age 15, 50% of children have detectable IgG antibodies.
- Most infections are asymptomatic; symptomatic infections primarily cause erythema infectiosum (fifth disease).
- Diagnosis involves detecting B19 IgM antibodies; no antiviral drugs or vaccines available.
Papillomavirus
- Over 120 types can infect humans; they are double-stranded DNA viruses.
- Can cause skin papillomas (warts); highly adapted to human skin and mucosa.
- At least 40 types (e.g., HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) can infect the anogenital tract and are sexually transmitted.
- Transmission primarily occurs through direct contact.
- HPV infections are associated with cancers of the cervix, vulva, penis, and rectum.
Smallpox (Variola)
- Caused by a poxvirus; a major health scourge for over 3,000 years.
- Spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions and respiratory secretions.
- Last recorded case in Somalia in 1977.
- Successful eradication due to no subclinical infections, unique human-only host, an effective vaccine, and recoveries that eliminated the virus from carriers.
Monkeypox
- A DNA virus with rodents as the primary reservoir; represents a zoonotic infection.
- Characterized by systemic illness and a vesicular rash resembling variola.
- Prominent lymphadenopathy is observed.
- Monkeypox lesions are more uniform in stage and peripheral in distribution compared to chickenpox lesions.
Molluscum Contagiosum
- The most common human disease caused by poxvirus infections.
- Transmission occurs through skin-to-skin contact, fomites, and close contact, including sexual intercourse.
- Clinical diagnosis confirmed by histology showing eosinophilic inclusions (molluscum bodies).
Measles
- Nearly all infected individuals exhibit disease symptoms; no asymptomatic cases.
- Characterized clinical features enable diagnosis without laboratory testing.
- One antigenic type leads to lifelong immunity after infection; reinfections are rare.
- Highly infectious; almost all susceptible children contract the disease upon exposure.
- Symptoms include respiratory issues, Koplik's spots, and a rash.
Rubella
- Caused by a single-stranded RNA virus with only one serotype.
- Primarily impacts fetal development during maternal infection.
- Transmitted via droplets; diagnosed serologically.
- No specific treatment available; vaccination is possible to prevent infection.
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Description
This quiz covers the prevention and control of adenopathy, including the use of antibiotics and immunoglobulins. It also delves into the rubella virus, its impact on pregnant women, and the dangers of congenital rubella syndrome. Test your knowledge on these important public health topics!