Rubella Quiz

Measles = Highly contagious, viral infection Mumps = General Characteristics Rubella = Diminutive of morbus, a disease which signifies a minor disease Morbillivirus = Derived from a Middle English word, 'Maseles'

Measles = Epidemiology Mumps = Complications Rubella = Laboratory Diagnosis Morbillivirus = Pathogenesis

Measles = Viral Replication Mumps = Treatment and Prevention Rubella = Structures Morbillivirus = Clinical Presentations

<p>Primary viremia = Occurs 2 to 4 days after exposure and involves infection of local lymphatic tissues Secondary viremia = Occurs 5 to 7 days after exposure and involves spread to other tissues Prodromal period = Period of infection to the appearance of the rash, characterized by fever, sneezing, and coughing Exanthem period = Characterized by the appearance of maculopapular rash due to the interaction of immune T cells with virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Koplik's spots = Pathognomonic for measles, found in the buccal mucous membrane adjacent to the molar teeth Lymphopenia = Characterized by low levels of lymphocytes in the blood Conjunctivitis = Common complication of measles, leading to purulent discharge from the eyes Otitis media = Complication of measles involving inflammation of the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia = Life-threatening infection occasionally seen in immunodeficient children, a common complication of measles Diarrhea - dehydration = Complication of measles leading to dehydration due to fluid loss Encephalitis = Complication involving brain swelling, occurring in 1/1000 cases of measles SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) = Rare complication characterized by behavioral and intellectual deterioration and seizures years after acute infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atypical/Modified measles = Occurs in partially immune persons, with mild signs and symptoms and usually absent Koplik spots Complications = Most measles-related deaths are caused by these, including pneumonia, conjunctivitis, and encephalitis Giant cell pneumonia = Life-threatening infection occasionally seen in immunodeficient children, a complication of measles Post-infection encephalitis = Occurs in 1/1000 cases, characterized by behavioral and intellectual deterioration and seizures years after an acute infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measles is caused by a single positive strand RNA virus = Rubella Mumps is predominantly an infection of children = Measles Rubella is also called Rubeola = Mumps Measles starts at 6 to 9 months of age = Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission: Person-to-Person (respiratory droplets, saliva, direct contact, fomites) = Mumps Natural Host: Humans = Measles Enveloped, pleomorphic with icosahedral nucleocapsid = Rubella Only one serotype restricted to human infections = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meningitis = Measles Tinnitus &amp; Deafness = Mumps Blindness = Rubella Orchitis = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus Isolation = Mumps Serology = Measles PCR = Rubella None of the above = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patent Ductus Arteriosus = Rubella Valvular Stenosis = Measles Ventricular Septal Defect = Mumps Pulmonary Atresia = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During primary viremia, the virus spreads and replicates in the blood = Rubella In secondary viremia, infected persons begin to shed the virus from the nasopharynx 6-14 days after exposure for 3-8 days after rash onset = Measles The first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect = Mumps Both statements are incorrect = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>H protein = Mumps Neuraminidase = Measles L protein = Rubella Nucleocapsid = Mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First 8 weeks of pregnancy = Organogenesis period First 12 weeks of pregnancy = Not organogenesis period 13th-20th week of pregnancy = Not organogenesis period Not of the above = Not organogenesis period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active immunization for Rubella gives lifelong immunity to an individual = Rubella True = Measles False = Mumps Not of the above = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cataracts = Rubella Congenital defects = Measles Cardiac abnormalities = Mumps Two of the choices = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Urabe strain for Mumps vaccine has an appreciable incidence of post-vaccination meningitis = Mumps Mumps V antigen and S antigen both consist predominantly of nucleoprotein (NP) = Measles The first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect = Rubella Both statements are incorrect = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any measles-containing vaccine given at 4 to 6 years old should be revaccinated with 2 doses of MMR vaccine = Measles Measles vaccine is a type of live attenuated vaccine that starts at 6 to 9 months of age = Rubella The first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect = Mumps Both statements are incorrect = Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of intellectual capacity before motor activity = Initial symptom Involuntary movements, muscular rigidity, and coma = Late-stage symptom Behavioral and intellectual deterioration and seizures = Characteristic symptoms Progressive mental deterioration = Common symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural infection confers lifelong immunity = Immunity after natural infection Presence of humoral antibodies indicates immunity = Indication of immunity Infection causes immune suppression = Consequence of infection Measles occurs 4 to 17 years after acute infection = Onset of the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serology (ELISA) = Most widely used laboratory technique Immunofluorescence = Identifies Koplik’s spots and atypical measles Isolation and genetic determination = Utilized for new serotypes or strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission: Respiratory droplets = Mode of transmission Incidence: Sporadic outbreaks = Frequency of occurrence Mortality: increase in &lt; 1-year-old and malnourished = Impact on specific groups Communability: 4 days before and after onset of rash = Period of communicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endemic infections punctuate every two to three years in developed countries = Pre-vaccination scenario Herd immunity is achieved when the majority of susceptible hosts have contracted the disease = Outcome without intervention Vigorous vaccination campaigns have reduced measles epidemics in USA and European countries = Impact of vaccination Measles becomes endemic only in countries with large populations providing a continuing supply of susceptible children = Endemic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serology (ELISA) = Detects IgM or four-fold increase in antibody Isolation and genetic determination = Performed when new serotypes or strains are suspected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM is the first antibody that appears in an acute infection = Characteristics of IgM Four-fold rise in antibody is indicative of a viral disease = Significance of antibody increase Cellular immunity is important for recovery and protection = Role of cellular immunity Patients with defective cell-mediated immunity do not develop rashes = Effect of immune deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atypical measles cause inflammation in the capillary producing IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies = Symptoms associated with atypical measles Replication of virus within monocytes and other WBC depresses cell-mediated response to other antigens = Effect on immune response Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, specifically directed against measles and protein in infected cells, are important in the recovery process = Role of T lymphocytes Infection causes serious secondary infections due to immune suppression = Consequence of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly infectious = Characteristic of measles Before widespread use of vaccines, endemic infections attacked the 3-5-year-old cohort every two to three years = Pre-vaccination scenario Outbreaks may occur if there is a re-emergence of a new susceptible group of children = Cause of outbreaks Communities confined in small spaces = Condition for endemicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endemic infections punctuate every two to three years in developed countries = Pre-vaccination scenario Outbreaks may occur if there is a re-emergence of a new susceptible group of children = Cause of outbreaks Without intervention, herd immunity is achieved when the majority of susceptible hosts have already contracted the disease = Outcome without intervention Vigorous vaccination campaigns have reduced measles epidemics in USA and European countries = Impact of vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Highly infectious = Characteristic of measles Transmission: Respiratory droplets = Mode of transmission Communability: 4 days before and after onset of rash = Period of communicability Mortality: increase in &lt; 1-year-old and malnourished = Impact on specific groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mortality: increase in &lt; 1-year-old and malnourished = Impact on specific groups Before widespread use of vaccines, endemic infections attacked the 3-5-year-old cohort every two to three years = Pre-vaccination scenario Outbreaks may occur if there is a re-emergence of a new susceptible group of children = Cause of outbreaks Communities confined in small spaces = Condition for endemicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleoprotein (N) = Encodes the RNA genome Hemagglutinin (H) = Mediates virus attachment to host cells Fusion (F) protein = Facilitates viral entry into host cells Matrix (M) protein = Plays a role in virus assembly and budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virus attachment = Binding of virus to host cell receptor Transcription = Synthesis of viral RNA from the viral genome RNA replication = Generation of multiple copies of viral RNA genome Maturation = Assembly of new virus particles and release from host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Koplik's spots = Small white spots on the inside of the cheek Coryza = Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose Maculopapular rash = Flat, red area of skin that is covered with small bumps Desquamation = Shedding of the outer layers of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunosuppression = Reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system Bronchopneumonia = Inflammation of the lungs affecting the bronchioles and alveoli Opportunistic infections = Infections caused by pathogens that usually do not cause disease in a healthy immune system Antigenic drifts = Gradual accumulation of mutations in the virus leading to changes in antigenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission through respiratory secretions = Spread primarily via coughing and sneezing Replication restricted to humans = Virus can only infect human hosts Shedding from the nasopharynx = Virus is released from the upper part of the throat behind the nose Epidemiologic tracking through sequencing analysis = Using genetic variations to trace the origin and spread of outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incubation period = Time between exposure to the virus and onset of symptoms Prodromal period = Early stage of infection with non-specific symptoms Generalized infection = Manifestation of the virus throughout the body Recovery phase = Period when symptoms start to fade and recovery begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measles still has a high incidence in infants in third world countries = False Diagnosis of rubella requires laboratory investigation as clinical diagnosis is unreliable = True Congenital rubella syndrome can be diagnosed through viral isolation, specific IgM and IgG detection, and placental detection = True The measles vaccine has been available for routine immunization since 1969, with lifelong immunity and a 95% protective antibody after the 1st dose = False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% of infants are affected during the 1st trimester, with manifestations such as intrauterine growth retardation and deafness = True Risk of structural abnormalities decreases with gestational age, with the highest risk in the 1st trimester = True Measles may lead to persistent infection causing clinical problems later in life, such as diabetes mellitus and chronic thyroiditis = False The vaccine is effective in preventing congenital rubella and reducing the virus reservoir in the child population = False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment for rubella is mainly supportive, with no specific therapy available for acquired or congenital infection = True Control of rubella includes passive prophylaxis through human immunoglobulin and active immunization with live virus strain = True The measles vaccine is contraindicated in many immunocompromised patients and pregnant women, and vaccination in non-pregnant women is recommended to avoid conception for at least 3 months = False Laboratory diagnosis includes isolation from clinical specimens and serology = False</p> Signup and view all the answers