Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

In the determination of a child's sex, which parent holds the decisive factor based on the text?

Father (correct)

Neither parent

Both parents equally

Mother

If a child has an XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome, what is their most likely sex according to the text?

Female (correct)

Possibly male or female

Male

Intersex

What did Gregor Mendel discover about traits when two competing traits were present according to the text?

Both traits are expressed equally

One trait is randomly chosen for expression

Only the recessive trait is expressed

Only the dominant trait is expressed (correct)

Based on the text, what type of trait is present in the organism but not expressed?

Recessive trait Signup and view all the answers

When an ovum and a sperm meet during fertilization, what chromosomes are certain to be provided by each based on the text?

Ovum provides XX, sperm provides XY or YY Signup and view all the answers

From the information provided, what can be said about the likelihood of conceiving females compared to males?

Females are more likely to be conceived Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of genetic counseling?

Helping people deal with inherited disorder issues Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal testing method involves examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn from the amniotic fluid?

Amniocentesis Signup and view all the answers

What does a karyotype involve?

Producing enlarged photos of each chromosome Signup and view all the answers

How does chorionic villus sampling (CVS) differ from amniocentesis?

CVS identifies genetic defects by sampling surrounding hair-like material, while amniocentesis samples fetal cells from amniotic fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of genetic counselors?

Assisting individuals with inherited disorder-related issues Signup and view all the answers

What type of data do genetic counselors use to assist individuals?

Blood, skin, and urine samples Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen according to the text?

An environmental agent that can produce a birth defect Signup and view all the answers

How does a mother's diet impact the development of the fetus?

It results in a generally healthier baby Signup and view all the answers

In what way do certain aspects of parental behavior affect the child according to the text?

They can produce lifelong consequences for the child Signup and view all the answers

What is stated about teratogen sensitivity in prenatal development?

It varies depending on the state of development Signup and view all the answers

How many pregnancies worldwide end in abortion each year according to the text?

73 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary global concern related to diet mentioned in the text?

Problem of diet due to 800 million hungry people worldwide Signup and view all the answers

What is a key precaution for individuals planning to become pregnant?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in terms of intake?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about using drugs during pregnancy?

Consult with a physician before using any drug Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended in the text for individuals planning to become pregnant?

Excessive use of alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the stance on smoking according to the text?

It should be avoided whether pregnant or not Signup and view all the answers

In terms of drug use, what is the general recommendation given by the text?

Avoid drugs unless instructed by a physician Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment should individuals optimize when planning for pregnancy, as per the text?

Nutrient-rich environment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Determination of a Child's Sex

The father's sperm determines the sex of a child, as it carries either an X or Y chromosome.
A child with an XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome is most likely to be female.

Mendel's Discovery

Gregor Mendel discovered that when two competing traits are present, one trait will dominate and be expressed, while the other trait will be recessive and not expressed.

Traits and Inheritance

A recessive trait is present in the organism but not expressed.

Fertilization and Chromosomes

During fertilization, the sperm provides either an X or Y chromosome, while the ovum provides an X chromosome.

Conception of Females and Males

The likelihood of conceiving females is slightly higher than males due to the presence of X chromosomes in both sperm and ovum.

Genetic Counseling

The primary focus of genetic counseling is to assist individuals in making informed decisions about their reproductive health.

Prenatal Testing

Amniocentesis involves examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn from the amniotic fluid.
Karyotype involves examining the chromosomes of an individual to identify any genetic abnormalities.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) differs from amniocentesis in that it involves examining a sample of placental cells instead of amniotic fluid.

Role of Genetic Counselors

Genetic counselors use genetic data to assist individuals in making informed decisions about their reproductive health.

Teratogens and Fetal Development

A teratogen is an agent that can cause harm to a developing fetus.
A mother's diet can impact the development of the fetus, and certain nutrients are essential for fetal growth.
Parental behavior can affect the child's development, and certain aspects of behavior can increase the risk of birth defects.
Teratogen sensitivity varies during prenatal development, with certain stages being more vulnerable to harm.

Global Concerns and Pregnancy

Approximately 50 million pregnancies worldwide end in abortion each year.
The primary global concern related to diet is the lack of essential nutrients for fetal development.
A key precaution for individuals planning to become pregnant is to ensure adequate nutrition and avoid harmful substances.

Pregnancy and Lifestyle

Certain substances, such as drugs and alcohol, should be avoided during pregnancy to minimize harm to the fetus.
Smoking is not recommended during pregnancy, as it can increase the risk of birth defects.
A healthy environment should be optimized for pregnancy, including a balanced diet and minimal exposure to harmful substances.
Folic acid intake should be monitored to ensure adequate levels for fetal development.

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Description

Test your knowledge on threats to the fetal environment and how to mitigate them. Learn about the impact of parental behavior and teratogens on child development. This quiz is based on content from The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development.