Prematurity and Low Birth Weight Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of preterm birth?

  • Delivery of a baby with a low birth weight
  • Delivery of a baby after 37 weeks of gestation
  • Delivery of a baby before 37 completed weeks of gestation (correct)
  • Delivery of a baby weighing less than 2500 grams

    • What percentage of infants born preterm in the US in 2022 was recorded?

  • 9.4%
  • 10.5% (correct)
  • 14.6%
  • 15%

    • Which age of gestation has the highest chance of survival for preterm infants?

  • 22 weeks
  • 23 weeks
  • 25 weeks (correct)
  • 24 weeks

    • Which group has the highest rate of preterm births according to the data?

    <p>African-American women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of low birth weight?

    <p>Gestational age at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the global rate of preterm birth in 2020?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical weight of a baby born at 36 weeks of gestation?

    <p>2750 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of babies are born preterm worldwide?

    <p>10% to 15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reduction in deaths due to complications from preterm births from 1990 to 2013?

    <p>0.83 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is low birth weight defined as?

    <p>Weight less than 2500 grams regardless of gestational age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct intervention for the identification of women at risk of low birth weight?

    <p>Family planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of smoking during pregnancy on low birth weight?

    <p>Decreased maternal appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is correlated with increased risks of preterm birth according to research studies?

    <p>Higher maternal autistic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a leading cause of death in low birth weight infants?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all preterm births in 2020 was accounted for by India, Pakistan, Nigeria, China, and Ethiopia combined?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended gestational period before induction of labor?

    <p>39 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as contributing to the rise in incidence of preterm births?

    <p>Increased maternal age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intervention includes combating poverty and deprivation?

    <p>Indirect intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the long term use of folic acid supplements influence premature birth?

    <p>Reduce the risk of premature birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical impact is primarily affected in premature infants due to underdeveloped lungs?

    <p>Chronic lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limit of viability for infants?

    <p>The earliest gestational age with at least a 50% chance of survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What climate-related factor is linked to increased risks for expectant mothers?

    <p>Extreme weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal characteristic is associated with higher risk for low birth weight due to multiple pregnancies?

    <p>Over 35 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of preterm birth accounts for the highest percentage?

    <p>Spontaneous preterm births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal condition does NOT contribute to low birth weight as identified in the content?

    <p>Excessive exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a late clinical impact of prematurity?

    <p>Chronic lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the indications that around one-third of all births in Iraq are born prematurely?

    <p>Low birth weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which is a pathway that can lead to preterm birth?

    <p>Intrauterine inflammation/infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common respiratory condition in premature babies?

    <p>Asphyxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ultrasonography in the context of estimating gestational age?

    <p>To estimate gestational age instead of using the last menstrual period date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prematurity and Low Birth Weight

    • Prematurity is the delivery of a baby before 37 completed weeks of gestation.
    • In 2022, preterm birth affected about 1 in 10 infants born in the US.
    • The preterm birth rate declined by 1% in 2022 following a 4% increase from 2020 to 2021.
    • Racial and ethnic differences in preterm births persist. African-American women have a higher rate (14.6%) compared to white (9.4%) and Hispanic (10.1%) women.
    • Approximately 1 in 10 babies are born prematurely.

    Definition of Low Birth Weight

    • Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at birth.
    • Low birth weight (LBW) is a birth weight of less than 2500 grams.
    • Very low birth weight (VLBW) is a birth weight of less than 1500 grams.
    • Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) is a birth weight of less than 1000 grams.

    Determinants of Birth Weight

    • Birth weight is related to gestational age.
    • A baby born at 28 weeks has a birth weight closer to 900 grams.
    • A baby born at 36 weeks has a birth weight closer to 2750 grams.

    Epidemiology of Prematurity

    • The global current preterm birth rate is 10.5%.
    • In 2020, 15% of all preterm births occurred before 32 weeks of gestation.
    • Rates in Iraq are between 15-16%.

    Epidemiology of Low Birth Weight in Iraq

    • The preterm birth statistics in Iraq show rates of LBW are around 15-16% of births, which equates to more than 1/3rd of the babies born in Iraq.

    Risk Factors for Preterm Birth

    • Several factors contribute to the rise in preterm births (including):
      • Increased rates of multiple births
      • Increased use of assisted reproductive techniques
      • More obstetric interventions.
    • Part of this increase might be due to changes in clinical practice.
    • Studies have found that climate change exacerbates the risk of preterm birth and stillbirth in expectant mothers.
    • Increased maternal autistic traits correlate with increased risks of preterm birth and small for gestational age.

    Leading Causes of Death

    • The leading causes of death for preterm babies are:
      • Atelectasis, Hyaline membrane disease, and surfactant deficiency.
      • Life-threatening malformations
      • Pulmonary haemorrhage
      • Intracranial bleeding following anoxia and trauma
      • Pneumonia and infections

    Types of Deliveries

    • Spontaneous preterm births (40-45%): these births follow preterm labour.
    • Induced preterm births (25-30%): these are due to premature rupture of membranes.
    • Cesarean section preterm births (30-35%): these are due to obstetric reasons like infection or intrauterine growth retardation

    Clinical Impact of Prematurity: Immediate

    • Respiratory problems are significant, including apnoea, RDS, and asphyxia.
    • Neurological issues are prevalent, including intracranial haemorrhage.
    • Cardiovascular problems include bradycardia and hypotension.
    • Haematological problems include anaemia and bleeding tendencies.
    • Gastrointestinal problems include hypoglycaemia.
    • Renal problems include reduced G Filtration.
    • Temperature regulation issues.
    • Immunity and ophthalmic concerns also exist.

    Clinical Impact of Prematurity:Late

    • Chronic lung diseases
    • CNS issues, especially cerebral palsy
    • Poor growth
    • The earliest gestational age at which the infant has at least a 50% chance of survival is referred to as the limit of viability.

    Pathways Leading to Preterm Birth

    • Preterm birth can be due to precocious fetal endocrine activation.
    • Uterine over-distension
    • Decidual bleeding
    • Intrauterine inflammation or infection

    Prevention of Preterm Birth

    • Direct interventions:
      • Identifying women at risk for maternal malnutrition, heavy work load, medical illnesses, urinary infections, and raised blood pressure.
      • Identifying women at risk for too many pregnancies, close spacing between births, multiple pregnancy, being under 18 or over 35, short stature, poor weight gain in pregnancy, ethnicity, psychological stress and rural residence.
    • Indirect interventions:
      • Family planning
      • Sanitation
      • Avoid smoking
      • Nutritional care
      • Combating poverty and deprivation

    Strategies to Improve Outcomes

    • Kangaroo care can improve outcomes
    • Increased access to warmth, breastfeeding, treatments for infection and breathing supports
    • Support for mothers with low birth weight babies and their families is very important

    Recommendations

    • It's recommended that labor be not medically induced before 39 weeks unless medically necessary. The same applies to Cesarean sections.
    • Long-term folic acid supplementation before pregnancy may reduce preterm birth.

    Further Considerations

    • High prevalence of LBW in Iraq is linked to deteriorating health status of pregnant women, younger age at marriage, and inadequate prenatal care.
    • Some historical and contemporary figures endured preterm birth complications.

    Additional Notes

    • War in Iraq may have contributed to elevated LBW rates in certain areas.

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    Prematurity & Low Birth Weight PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to prematurity and low birth weight, including definitions, prevalence rates, and determinants affecting birth weight. Understand the impact of gestational age and racial disparities in preterm births. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics in maternal and infant health.

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