Biology 231 Chapter 28: Pregnancy & Human Development

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Questions and Answers

During fertilization, what is the role of the sperm?

  • To provide the mitochondria for the zygote's energy production.
  • To provide the majority of the cytoplasm for the zygote.
  • To stimulate the oocyte to complete meiosis II before fusing.
  • To deliver its nucleus containing the male's genetic contribution to the oocyte. (correct)

Which of the following events occurs immediately after the sperm nucleus enters the oocyte?

  • The acrosomal reaction is initiated.
  • The oocyte completes meiosis II. (correct)
  • The formation of the fertilization membrane begins.
  • The sperm begins to replicate its DNA.

What is the main challenge sperm face when trying to fertilize an oocyte?

  • Penetrating the layers surrounding the oocyte. (correct)
  • Navigating the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract.
  • Maintaining motility despite the viscosity within the uterus.
  • Evading destruction by the female's immune system.

A semen analysis report indicates a sperm concentration of less than 100,000/mL. What does this imply about the individual's fertility?

<p>The individual's fertility cannot be determined without additional analysis because the quantity was too low for the analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a high sperm count generally needed for successful fertilization?

<p>To ensure sufficient acrosomal enzymes are released to break down the oocyte's protective layers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an erection, how is blood effectively trapped in the penis?

<p>Engorged corporal tissue compresses the veins, reducing venous outflow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the three penile corpora gets the least engorged with blood during an erection, and why?

<p>Corpus spongiosum, because it surrounds the urethra and prevents it from closing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a woman has a regular 28-day menstrual cycle, on which day is intercourse most likely to lead to pregnancy?

<p>Days 12-16, around the time of ovulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary differences between menarche and menopause in a female's life?

<p>Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, while menopause is the cessation of menstruation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is menopause the primary reason for reduced fertility in older females?

<p>No, while menopause contributes, declining egg quality and increased rates of chromosomal abnormalities are also significant factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes how vasectomy prevents pregnancy?

<p>By blocking the transport of sperm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the ovarian stimulation step in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

<p>To develop multiple oocytes for fertilization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "in vitro" refer to in the context of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

<p>The fertilization happening outside the body, in a laboratory setting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A female sometimes ovulates from both ovaries in a single cycle. Assuming regular sexual intercourse, how does this hyperovulation affect her chances of conceiving a child?

<p>It increases her odds of conceiving because more eggs are available to be fertilized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A female has a 22-day menstrual cycle. If she regularly has unprotected sex, how does this cycle length affect her chances of conceiving a child?

<p>Decreases, as the shorter cycle could reduce the time for proper uterine lining development, which can impact implantation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman and her partner are trying to conceive, but her uterine tubes are scarred and partially blocked. Would In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) be a good option for overcoming this infertility?

<p>Yes, IVF can bypass the need for functional uterine tubes in fertilization and early development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steve had a vasectomy and now experiences difficulty maintaining erections. He considers using Viagra but worries about risking fertilization. What advice is most appropriate?

<p>Inform Steve that using Viagra won't risk fertilization, as his vasectomy prevents sperm from being ejaculated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular differentiation, a key process in prenatal development, refers primarily to:

<p>The process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During prenatal development, tubes are formed via:

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many hours after ovulation does fertilization typically occur?

<p>Within 12-24 hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does fertilization happen closer to the ovary or closer to the uterus?

<p>Ovary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does cleavage refer to in early embryonic development?

<p>The rapid mitotic division of the zygote into many cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implantation?

<p>The process where the blastocyst embeds itself into the uterine lining. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ectopic pregnancy is characterized by?

<p>The implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location for an ectopic pregnancy to occur?

<p>The fallopian tube. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During early embryonic development, what is the primary function of the ectoderm?

<p>To form the skin and nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system?

<p>Endoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac and renal defects often occur together in newborns. Which of the germ layers is linked to both areas?

<p>Mesoderm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what time frame is a developing child termed an embryo?

<p>From fertilization to the end of the eighth week of gestation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extra-embryonic membrane primarily contributes to the formation of the placenta?

<p>Chorion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the blue material in the diagram of the appendicular skeleton?

<p>Cartilage that will be replaced by bone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are primary reasons for the placenta's essential role in fetal development?

<p>All of the above. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fetal circulation, what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale?

<p>To bypass the fetal lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, how does the anatomical relationship between the uterus and the urinary bladder change?

<p>The uterus expands superiorly, applying increased pressure on the urinary bladder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a narrower-than-usual vessel X (ductus arteriosis) impact oxygen levels?

<p>Decreases blood oxygenation in the fetus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first structure to define the birth canal through which the baby passes?

<p>Pelvic inlet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors require medical attention during vaginal birth?

<p>All of the above. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Removal of a cancerous testicle in a male will effect fertility how?

<p>Decrease fertility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fertilization

The fusion of sperm and oocyte

Oocyte layers

The layers sperm must penetrate to reach oocyte

Infertility

The inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A procedure where eggs are fertilized outside the body

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Cell Differentiation

The process where cells become specialized.

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Cleavage

The series of rapid cell divisions after fertilization.

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Implantation

The embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine lining.

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Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy where the embryo implants outside the uterus.

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Ectoderm

The outer germ layer that forms skin and nervous tissue

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Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that forms muscle and connective tissues

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Endoderm

The inner germ layer that forms digestive and respiratory linings

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Placenta

Provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus.

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Lactation

The process of milk production and secretion after childbirth.

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Study Notes

  • Biology 231, Chapter 28 is about Pregnancy and Human Development

Part 1: Fertilization and Fertility

  • This section addresses how sperm and oocytes meet for successful fertilization
  • It poses questions about the paths of sperm and oocytes during this process

Fertilization Up Close

  • This section includes questions about the layers sperm must penetrate to reach the oocyte
  • It also questions what happens to the sperm nucleus after penetration

Male Fertility: Sperm Quantity and Quality

  • This section reviews a semen analysis and its interpretation
  • It discusses the correlation of sperm count to fertility

Male Fertility: Erections

  • Blood becomes trapped in the penis to achieve an erection
  • The corpora get engorged with blood during an erection

Female Fertility: The Time of the Month

  • This section analyzes a 28-day cycle and the phases most conducive to pregnancy

Female Fertility: The Time of Your Life

  • This section questions the definitions of menarche and menopause
  • It also questions menopause as the cause for reduced fertility in older females

Overview of Birth Control

  • This section reviews behavioral, barrier, and hormonal birth control methods
  • The importance of the general principles of birth control is emphasized

Infertility Treatment: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

  • This section reviews the steps in in vitro fertilization
  • In Vitro fertilization is a treatment for infertility

TQT 28.1.1

  • Biological traits determine odds of reproducing
  • Considering gamete production, penetration, fertilization, and implantation are all steps that should be taken into account

TQT 28.1.2

  • Scenarios determine how to maximize the chances of pregnancy
  • Gamete production, penetration, fertilization, and implantation should all be considered

Part 2: Prenatal Development

  • This section concerns how one cell develops into a whole organism
  • There are cellular and molecular explanations for this development
  • Essential developmental processes include cell division, cell-cell interactions, cell differentiation, cell movement, and programmed cell death

Creating Shapes

  • Cell division, cell migration, and cell death are methods to create shapes and tubes during development

Fertilization to Implantation

  • Ovulation is an effect of fertilization
  • This section defines cleavage and implantation

Ectopic Pregnancy

  • This section contains questions about what constitutes an ectopic pregnancy
  • It also asks about its common locations, causes, and medical management
  • Case courtesy of Dr. Henry Knipe, Radiopaedia.org; from the case rID: 36812

Early Development: The 3 Germ Layers

  • The early development reviews the three germ layers which include
    • Ectoderm
    • Mesoderm
    • Endoderm

Germ Layers

  • This section questions which germ layers form the spinal cord, skin, and digestive epithelium, and respiratory epithelium
  • Cardiac and renal defects as a cause of skin and nervous disorders are reviewed

Development: The Embryo and Extra-Embryonic Membrane

  • This section questions when the child is considered a pre-embryo, embryo, or fetus
  • Names of the four extra-embryonic membranes are reviewed
  • Determines which of the four extra embryonic membranes form the placenta
  • This question relates to the placenta

Embryology

  • Appendicular skeleton formation in weeks four, five, and ten are outlined

Digestive System

  • Digestive system summary shows embryology between weeks four, six, eight, and ten

Fetal Circulation

  • The topic of fetal circulation is reviewed
  • This review includes the need for a placenta, placental structures, and the function of the umbilical vessels

Prenatal Circulation

  • Some blood flow gets redirected away from the lungs in the fetus

Pregnancy

  • This section outlines the anatomical relationships of the bladder and intestines during pregnancy

TQT 28.2.1

  • This section contains information about cardiovascular anatomy throughout different stages of development
  • Questions about blood circulation during these stages are reviewed

Part 3: Childbirth and Lactation

Childbirth

  • This section has a question about the babies exit path
  • This includes the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet are analyzed

Pelvic Outlet

  • The structures defining the pelvic outlet are being questioned
  • What happens if there is not enough room for the baby to exit is questioned

Mammary Glands

  • Mammary glands assist in what exactly is lactation?
  • Labels of the figures are outlined
  • How the epithelial and myoepithelial cells work together is questioned.

Breasts

  • Discusses how and why breasts change by month
  • Breast changes from before conception
  • Breast changes at:
    • Four months
    • Seven months
    • Nine months

TQT 28.3.1

  • Reproductive anatomy related event

Anatomy

  • This review includes:
    • Fertilization
    • Implantation
    • Prenatal development
    • Labor and deliver

TQT 28.3.2

  • Review of information about muscle tissues or cells
  • Questions based on their identity as cardiac, skeletal, or smooth muscles are reviewed

Muscle Tissues

  • Muscle tissues are reviewed at a cellular, tissue level, or whole-organ level

Additional Resources

  • Opening scene from Look Who's Talking (1989) highlights a sperm fertilizing an oocyte

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