Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which one of the following is the time peak levels of LH prior to ovulation?
Which one of the following is the time peak levels of LH prior to ovulation?
- 36 hours
- 24 hours
- 72 hours
- 48 hours
- 12 hours (correct)
Which of the following is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens?
Which of the following is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens?
- estrone
- ethinyl estradiol
- estriol
- estrogen sulphate
- estradiol (correct)
Which one of the organs is the most important source of placental estrogen precursors in humans?
Which one of the organs is the most important source of placental estrogen precursors in humans?
- fetal adrenal gland (correct)
- maternal adrenal gland
- syncytiotrophoblast
- cytotrophoblast
- amnion epithelial cell
What is the average umbilical cord length in centimeters?
What is the average umbilical cord length in centimeters?
Fetal breathing movements:
Fetal breathing movements:
What is the average weight gain in pregnancy:
What is the average weight gain in pregnancy:
When does the corpus luteum stop producing progesterone in pregnancy?
When does the corpus luteum stop producing progesterone in pregnancy?
During early pregnancy, which of the following replaces the ovary as the main source of progesterone production?
During early pregnancy, which of the following replaces the ovary as the main source of progesterone production?
Placental conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to estrogen takes place in which of the following?
Placental conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to estrogen takes place in which of the following?
Which of the following abnormalities is associated with lower hCG levels compared with that of a normal singleton gestation at an equivalent gestational age?
Which of the following abnormalities is associated with lower hCG levels compared with that of a normal singleton gestation at an equivalent gestational age?
In newborns with either male external genitalia and bilateral cryptorchidism or completely ambiguous external genitalia, what diagnosis should be immediately ruled out?
In newborns with either male external genitalia and bilateral cryptorchidism or completely ambiguous external genitalia, what diagnosis should be immediately ruled out?
What is the major biological target of relaxin in assisting accommodation to pregnancy?
What is the major biological target of relaxin in assisting accommodation to pregnancy?
At what gestational age does the uterus become too large to lie totally within the pelvis
At what gestational age does the uterus become too large to lie totally within the pelvis
The gene for testes development (TDF) or sex determining region (SR4) is located on which chromosome?
The gene for testes development (TDF) or sex determining region (SR4) is located on which chromosome?
At what gestational age (weeks) does the fetus begin to produce thyroxine?
At what gestational age (weeks) does the fetus begin to produce thyroxine?
Presence of which of the following is found in the amnion?
Presence of which of the following is found in the amnion?
The most common vascular anomaly involving the umbilical cord is which of the following?
The most common vascular anomaly involving the umbilical cord is which of the following?
Highest levels of hPL can be found in which of the following?
Highest levels of hPL can be found in which of the following?
Which of the following is commonlyexcreted in large amounts in the urine of a normal pregnant woman?
Which of the following is commonlyexcreted in large amounts in the urine of a normal pregnant woman?
Which of the following shows decreased plasma levels during pregnancy?
Which of the following shows decreased plasma levels during pregnancy?
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone protecting skeletal calciun content?
Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone protecting skeletal calciun content?
Prolactin is essential to which of the following?
Prolactin is essential to which of the following?
Although of uncertain significance onset of labor coincides with peak concentrations of which of the following?
Although of uncertain significance onset of labor coincides with peak concentrations of which of the following?
What is the major surfactant-associated protein (apoprotein)?
What is the major surfactant-associated protein (apoprotein)?
At what gestational age (weeks) are fetal respiratory movements first evident?
At what gestational age (weeks) are fetal respiratory movements first evident?
When can movements of the fetal chest wall first be detected by ultrasound?
When can movements of the fetal chest wall first be detected by ultrasound?
The blastocyst typically implants into the endometrium how many days postfertilization?
The blastocyst typically implants into the endometrium how many days postfertilization?
The prolactin found in amnionic fluid is produced by which of the following?
The prolactin found in amnionic fluid is produced by which of the following?
What is the minimum amount of extra water that the average woman accrues during normal pregnancy?
What is the minimum amount of extra water that the average woman accrues during normal pregnancy?
What phase of parturition corresponds with the clinical stages of labor?
What phase of parturition corresponds with the clinical stages of labor?
The uterine quiescence:
The uterine quiescence:
The cervical modifications during phase I of parturition:
The cervical modifications during phase I of parturition:
What is the most plausible hypothesis for the cause of labor pain?
What is the most plausible hypothesis for the cause of labor pain?
There are three principal structural components of the cervix:
There are three principal structural components of the cervix:
Compared with the body of the uterus, the lower uterine segment and the cervix:
Compared with the body of the uterus, the lower uterine segment and the cervix:
After the cervix is dilated fully, the expulsion of the fetus produced by:
After the cervix is dilated fully, the expulsion of the fetus produced by:
Regulation of myometrial contraction and relaxation:
Regulation of myometrial contraction and relaxation:
Phase 0 of human parturition are likely result of:
Phase 0 of human parturition are likely result of:
In Phase 1 (activation) the factor thought to regulate the phases of the parturition is:
In Phase 1 (activation) the factor thought to regulate the phases of the parturition is:
Exogenous surfactant therapy to prevent hyaline membrane disease is enhanced by antepartum maternal treatment with which of the following?
Exogenous surfactant therapy to prevent hyaline membrane disease is enhanced by antepartum maternal treatment with which of the following?
Which test of fetal lung maturity is NOT affected by contamninant such as blood, meconium, or vaginal secretions?
Which test of fetal lung maturity is NOT affected by contamninant such as blood, meconium, or vaginal secretions?
Administration of which of the following at least 24 hours prior to delivery reduces the risk and severity of intraventricular hemmorrhage?
Administration of which of the following at least 24 hours prior to delivery reduces the risk and severity of intraventricular hemmorrhage?
When administered prior to delivery, which corticosteroid appears to be the most effective in reducing both mortality and petriventricular leukomalacia following intra- and periventricular hemmorhage?
When administered prior to delivery, which corticosteroid appears to be the most effective in reducing both mortality and petriventricular leukomalacia following intra- and periventricular hemmorhage?
What is the only type of cerebral palsy caused by an acute intrapartum hypoxic event?
What is the only type of cerebral palsy caused by an acute intrapartum hypoxic event?
Kernicterus is the result of elevated neonatal blood levels of which of the following?
Kernicterus is the result of elevated neonatal blood levels of which of the following?
What is the definition of puerperal morbidity?
What is the definition of puerperal morbidity?
A high-spiking fever of which develops within the first 24 hours of the puerperium is most likely caused by which of the following?
A high-spiking fever of which develops within the first 24 hours of the puerperium is most likely caused by which of the following?
Which of the following microbiological characteristics are typical of puerperal metritis?
Which of the following microbiological characteristics are typical of puerperal metritis?
Which of the following organism is implicated as a cause of late puerperal infection?
Which of the following organism is implicated as a cause of late puerperal infection?
The american College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends which of the following protocols for the prevention of metritis following cesarean delivery?
The american College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends which of the following protocols for the prevention of metritis following cesarean delivery?
Treatment of toxic shock syndrome typically includes administration of which of the following?
Treatment of toxic shock syndrome typically includes administration of which of the following?
Flashcards
LH surge before ovulation
LH surge before ovulation
Peak levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) typically occur approximately 36 hours prior to ovulation.
Most potent estrogen
Most potent estrogen
Estradiol is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen.
Estrogen precursor source
Estrogen precursor source
The fetal adrenal gland is a crucial source of placental estrogen precursors in humans.
Average umbilical cord length
Average umbilical cord length
The average umbilical cord length is approximately 55 centimeters.
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Fetal breathing during hypoxia
Fetal breathing during hypoxia
Fetal breathing movements may be reduced in fetal hypoxia.
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Weight gain in Pregnancy
Weight gain in Pregnancy
The average weight gain during pregnancy is approximately 11kg.
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Corpus luteum Function
Corpus luteum Function
The corpus luteum typically stops producing progesterone between 7-8 weeks of gestation.
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Progesterone source early pregnancy
Progesterone source early pregnancy
The trophoblast replaces the ovary as the primary source of progesterone production during early pregnancy.
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DHEAS conversion in the placenta
DHEAS conversion in the placenta
Placental conversion of DHEAS to estrogen occurs in the syncytiotrophoblast.
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hCG levels in ectopic pregnancy
hCG levels in ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy is associated with lower hCG levels compared to a normal singleton gestation.
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Target organ of relaxin
Target organ of relaxin
The major biological target of relaxin is the cardiovascular system, which assists in accommodation to the cardiovascular changes of pregnancy.
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Uterine Size
Uterine Size
The uterus typically becomes too large to lie entirely within the pelvis at approximately 12 weeks of gestation.
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TDF (SRY gene) location
TDF (SRY gene) location
The gene for testes development (TDF), also known as the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene, is located on the Y chromosome.
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Fetal thyroxine production
Fetal thyroxine production
The fetus begins to produce thyroxine at approximately 10 to 12 weeks of gestational age.
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Location of Highest hPL Level
Location of Highest hPL Level
The highest levels of human placental lactogen (hPL) are found in maternal serum.
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- Peak levels of LH occur 12 hours prior to ovulation.
- Extradiol is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen.
- The fetal adrenal gland is the most important source of placental estrogen precursors in humans.
- The average umbilical cord length is 55 centimeters.
- Fetal breathing movements reduce in fetal hypoxia.
- The average weight gain in pregnancy is 11 kg.
- The corpus luteum stops producing progesterone in pregnancy at 7-8 weeks of gestation.
- During early pregnancy, the trophoblast replaces the ovary as the main source of progesterone production.
- Placental conversion of dehydropiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to estrogen takes place in the syncytiotrophoblast.
- Ectopic pregnancy is associated with lower hCG levels.
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia should be ruled out in newborns with male or ambiguous external genitalia and bilateral cryptorchidism.
- The major biological target of relaxin in assisting accommodation to pregnancy is the reproductive system.
- At 12 weeks gestational age, the uterus becomes too large to lie totally within the pelvis.
- The gene for testes development (TDF) or sex-determining region (SRY) is located on the Y chromosome.
- The fetus begins to produce thyroxine at 10 to 12 weeks of gestational age.
- Macrophages are found in the amnion.
- The most common vascular anomaly involving the umbilical cord is a single umbilical artery.
- Highest levels of hPL (human placental lactogen) can be found in maternal serum.
- Glucose is commonly excreted in large amounts in the urine of a normal pregnant woman.
- Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate shows decreased plasma levels during pregnancy.
- Calcitonin opposes the action of parathyroid hormone, protecting skeletal calcium content.
- Prolactin is essential to lactation.
- Onset of labor coincides with peak concentrations of cortisol.
- SP-A is the major surfactant-associated protein (apoprotein).
- Fetal respiratory movements are first evident at 18 to 20 weeks of gestational age.
- Movements of the fetal chest wall can first be detected by ultrasound at 11 weeks.
- The blastocyst typically implants into the endometrium 6 to 7 days post-fertilization.
- The prolactin found in amniotic fluid is produced by the decidua.
- Increased estrogen is the most potent of the naturally occurring estrogens.
- The minimum amount of extra water that the average woman accrues during normal pregnancy is 6.5 L.
- Phase 2 of parturition corresponds with the clinical stages of labor.
- During uterine quiescence the cervix must remain firm and unyielding.
- The first change during cervical modification relates to the increase of hyaluronic acid in the cervix and cervical softness is associated with increased cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration.
- Compression of nerve ganglia in the cervix is the most plausible hypothesis for the cause of labor pain.
- The three principal structural components of the cervix are collagen, smooth muscle, and extracellular matrix.
- The lower uterine segment and the cervix are regions of lesser resistance, compared to the body of the uterus.
- After the cervix is fully dilated, the expulsion of the fetus is produced by maternal intra-abdominal pressure.
- Regulation of myometrial contraction and relaxation is divided temporally into acute and chronic mechanisms.
- Phase 0 of human parturition are likely the result of action of estrogen and progesterone via intracellular receptors.
- In Phase 1 (activation) the factor thought to regulate the phases of the parturition is estrogen.
- Exogenous surfactant therapy to prevent hyaline membrane disease is enhanced by antepartum maternal treatment with glucocorticoids.
- Phosphatidylglycerol detection is the test of fetal lung maturity unaffected by contaminants.
- Administration of corticosteroids at least 24 hours prior to delivery reduces the risk and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage.
- Betamethasone appears to be the most effective corticosteroid in reducing mortality and periventricular leukomalacia.
- Spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy is caused by an acute intrapartum hypoxic event.
- Kernicterus is the result of elevated neonatal blood levels of bilirubin.
- Puerperal morbidity: temperature of 38.0° C (100.4° F) or greater, exclusively of the first 24 hours of the puerperium, on any 2 days, during the first 10 days postpartum.
- A high-spiking fever within the first 24 hours of the puerperium is most likely caused by group A streptococcal pelvic infection.
- Microbiological characteristics of puerperal metritis include bacteria indigenous to the female genital tract.
- Chlamydia trachomatis is implicated as a cause of late puerperal infection.
- The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends a single dose of an antimicrobial drug given perioperatively.
- Treatment of toxic shock syndrome typically includes intravenous fluids and antimicrobials.
- Placenta previa is NOT among the top four causes of pregnancy related deaths due to maternal hemorrhage.
- Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased incidence of placental abruption.
- None of the antepartum fetal assessment tools improve fetal outcome in subsequent pregnancies following an initial placental abruption.
- The coagulopathy following placental abruption involves lowering of fibrinogen.
- Extravasation of blood into the uterine musculature is denoted by Couvelaire uterus.
- Cesarean delivery is required for placental abruption, painful contractions, vaginal bleeding, fetal heart rate of 130 bpm with no accelerations or decelerations a retroplacental density involving approximately one sixth of the placental surface, a cephalic presentation at zero station and 1 cm dilatation with 50 percent effacement.
- All the following ultrasonographic modalities may be safely used to identify placenta previa: transvaginal, transperineal and transabdominal.
- Intravenous bolus methergine may cause hypertension.
- Imperforate hymen may lead to haematosalpinx.
- Irreversible causes of delayed puberty in girls include Kallman's syndrome.
- The most common cause of vaginal adenosis is in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).
- The most common vaginal complaint or problem seen in practice is vaginitis.
- The most common benign neoplasm of the cervix and endocervix is a cervical polyp.
- The most likely complication of cervical stenosis is pyometra.
- The most likely cause of abnormal genital bleeding in a 22 year old woman is anovulation.
- The most common cause of rectovaginal fistula is obstetrical delivery.
- Initial treatment for rectovaginal fistula should include vaginal repair of the fistula.
- Fecal incontinence may be related to innervation of the pelvic floor and the anal sphincters.
- The most likely etiology of incontinence is stress incontinence.
- Normal urologic consequence of aging includes elevated postvoid residual to 50 to 100 mL of urine.
- Nagele's rule for estimating a woman's due date is based on regular monthly menstrual cycles, a cycle length of 280 days, ovulation about day 14, and conception at midcycle.
- Appropriate screening tests in early, uncompleted pregnancy exclude cervical cytology.
- A pregnant vegetarian is likely to be deficient in vitamin B12.
- All of the dietary instructions are appropriate for a pregnant woman except restricting salt intake.
- Cardinal movements of labor: Engagement, descent, flexion.
- Synthesis of prostaglandin involves fetal membranes, phospholipase, esterified arachidonic acid and prostaglandin synthetase.
- Engagement occurs when the biparietal diameter of the infant's head is through the plane of the inlet.
- A 9-pound infant with a midline episiotomy and suffers a third-degree tear inspection reveals that the blood supply to the Rectal mucosa is intact.
- Disadvantages of a mediolateral episiotomy Includes Difficulty of repair, Common faulty healing, Occasional dyspareunia, Relatively common extension through anal sphincter and into rectum.
- Active-phase uterine contractions do not create 40 mmHg of pressure.
- The denominator (indication) is the fetal part most closely related to the symphysis pubis.
- The fetal head has a suboccipito-bregmatic diameter of 10.5 cm.
- Symptoms and signs of the onset of labor include dilatation of the cervix.
- Uterine contractions cannot be consciously controlled.
- Fetal monitoring in labour shows the normal heart rate to be 120-160 beats/min
- Active management of the third stage may involve intravenous syntocinon
- The second stage of labor causes a transient bradycardia with contractions which are of little significance.
- Prolonged labour caused by mechanical difficulty predispose primary post-partum haemorrhage
- Concerning third stage traumatic lesions the symptoms of fistulae resulting from pressure necrosis during prolonged labour appear immediately after delivery.
- Syntocinon augmentation of labour may cause a prolonged hypertonis uterine contraction
- Preconceptional counseling of diabetes decreses fetal malformation
- Pre conceptional counseling recommended for epileptic women involves switching to the least teratogenic monotherapy at the lowest needed dose.
- Some neural-tube defects are associated with a mutation in the gene for methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase?
- Increased risk of pregnancy over maternal age-35 are not decreased by lack of significant medical problems
- Which of the increased following is not increased by smoking during pregnancy?: Preterm labor
- Maternal obesity is related to an increase in all maternal complications?
- What the adverse fetal outcomes are associated with maternal obesity ? all of the above
- How should a woman be counseled if she inadvertently becomes pregnant within 3 month of receiving a live-virus vaccine?: theoritical, but no definite risks
- What are the cardinal movements of labor (in order)?: engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extention, external rotation, expulsion
- The anterior shoulder appears under the symphysis during which cardinal movement of labor ? External rotation
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