Hormonal Changes in Pregnancy

<p>Facilitated diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hCG is secreted by the placenta and stimulates the production of testosterone in the male fetus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal hemoglobin has a different structure than maternal hemoglobin, allowing it to bind oxygen more effectively at lower oxygen pressures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (Ca2+), Phosphate (P), Iron (Fe) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relaxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing a barrier against the transfer of certain harmful materials into the fetus while allowing the passage of essential nutrients and antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide diffuses from the fetal blood to the maternal blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The growth of the trophoblast and placenta. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion from the fetal blood to the maternal blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High levels of dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate the development and growth of secretory alveoli in the breast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolactin secretion is primarily regulated by an inhibitory factor from the hypothalamus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase prolactin production but inhibit its milk-promoting effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior Pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suckling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased prolactin levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of maternal antibodies through breast milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breastfeeding can be an effective form of contraception, but only if done consistently and frequently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of gastric digestive enzymes in the infant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The absence of menstruation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia of the myometrium muscle due to restricted blood flow during contractions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance fetal lung development and reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second stage of labor ends with the delivery of the placenta. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid postpartum bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone primarily contributes to the growth of breast lobules and acini. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rupture of the amniotic sac. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize and secrete milk. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal insulin resistance, induced by human placental lactogen, leads to decreased glucose uptake by the fetus and an increased risk of gestational diabetes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased secretion of progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal cortisol initiates a switch in placental hormone synthesis from progesterone to estrogen, promoting the maturation of the fetal respiratory system and hastening labor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen directly stimulates the myometrium, increasing its contractility and promoting labor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The length of pregnancy is calculated from the last menstrual period because it is a more reliable indicator of the actual gestational age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in white blood cell count, primarily neutrophils, helps the mother's immune system fight off infections and protect the fetus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of gestational diabetes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The placenta serves several functions including gas exchange, nutrient transport, waste removal, and endocrine activities during pregnancy.

Oxygen diffuses from maternal to fetal blood due to a pressure gradient, primarily towards the lower PO2 in fetal blood.

Fetal hemoglobin can carry 20-50% more O2 than maternal hemoglobin, enhancing oxygen transport to fetal tissues.

The Bohr effect describes how increased CO2 in maternal blood decreases its hemoglobin's O2 binding capacity, whereas decreased CO2 in fetal blood increases it.

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are transported across the placenta via facilitated diffusion and active transport, respectively.

The placenta helps excrete fetal wastes such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine into maternal blood.

The placenta acts as a barrier to prevent certain harmful substances from reaching the fetus while allowing passive immunity through IgG.

hCG is a glycoprotein secreted by trophoblasts that maintains the corpus luteum and stimulates trophoblast growth; it's an early pregnancy indicator.

Administering glucocorticoids to mothers before 34 weeks to help fetal lung development.

The combined functioning of fetal and placental tissues to produce estrogen.

Labor is divided into three stages: dilation, expulsion, and placental.

The primary estrogen synthesized by the fetoplacental unit during pregnancy.

A hormone synthesized by the placenta to support pregnancy soon after implantation.

Longest stage, lasting 8-24 hours for primipara, involves cervical dilation.

Pain during labor is caused by reduced blood supply to uterine muscles.

Includes increasing secretion in fallopian tubes, maintaining pregnancy, and forming a mucous plug.

A polypeptide hormone that relaxes pelvic ligaments and dilates the cervix during pregnancy.

Begins with full cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby, lasting 40-60 minutes.

From birth to delivery of the placenta, usually lasts around 15 minutes.

A protein hormone secreted by the placenta that prepares breasts for lactation and acts like growth hormone.

Stimulates growth, branching of ducts, and fat deposition in breasts.

Includes uterine enlargement, breast ductal development, and relaxing pelvic ligaments.

Dehydroepiandrosterone, an androgen hormone converted to estrogen by the placenta.

Enhances growth of immature breast lobules and acini during puberty.

A temporary absence of menstruation during breastfeeding due to hormonal changes.

Prolactin inhibits GnRH release, reducing ovulation and menstrual cycles during lactation.

Breast milk provides passive immunity via maternal immunoglobulins and immune cells, reducing infections.

Suckling triggers oxytocin secretion, which aids in milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Breastfeeding lowers risks of asthma, allergies, diabetes, obesity, and cancers in mothers.

A condition caused by relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter leading to acid reflux and nausea.

A hormone that induces maternal insulin resistance to ensure nutrient transport to the fetus, resulting in glucose intolerance.

A form of diabetes occurring during pregnancy due to decreased insulin response, potentially leading to high blood sugar.

During pregnancy, triglycerides, HDLs, LDLs, and total cholesterol increase, aiding steroid hormone production.

Increased secretion of prolactin occurs as the pituitary gland enlarges during pregnancy.

Progesterone reduces immune response to prevent rejection of the fetus, promoting tolerance.

The process of childbirth marked by uterine contractions and cervix dilation.

Fetal cortisol switches placental hormone synthesis from progesterone to estrogen late in pregnancy, aiding lung maturity.

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production and mammary gland development.

A hormone that triggers milk ejection during breastfeeding via suckling stimulation.

A hormone that supports mammary tissue growth and milk synthesis during lactation.

A steroid hormone that contributes to the process of lactation by supporting mammary tissue development.

A hormone (dopamine) that inhibits prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary.

Factors like TSH, pregnancy, suckling, and sleep that increase prolactin levels in the body.

The process of milk ejection triggered by oxytocin in response to suckling.