Pregnancy Overview and Hormones
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Questions and Answers

Estrogen is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in mammary glands.

False

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and helps stimulate uterine contraction during labor?

  • Oxytocin (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Relaxin

    • Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) is secreted by the ______ starting around the 5th week of pregnancy.

    placenta

    What are two potential roles of Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS) during pregnancy?

    <p>Possible roles of hCS include breast development and lactation, promotion of growth similar to growth hormone, and influencing glucose metabolism to make more glucose available to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their primary functions during pregnancy:

    <p>Estrogen = Prepares breasts for lactation, but also helps prevent lactation until after birth Progesterone = Maintains the lining of the uterus and helps prevent contractions Relaxin = Softens the cervix and helps relax ligaments in the body Prolactin = Stimulates milk production in mammary glands Oxytocin = Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Americans may have spina bifida occulta without knowing it?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelomeningocele is associated with the least severe neural deficits among spina bifida types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common fetal effect of maternal obesity during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased fetal macrosomia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity in adults accounts for ___ of the increase in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D).

    <p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions associated with obesity during pregnancy:

    <p>Sleep Apnea = Condition associated with obesity Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease = Condition associated with obesity Chronic Renal Dysfunction = Condition associated with obesity Fetal Macrosomia = Fetal health effect due to maternal obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for exercise during pregnancy?

    <p>Multiple gestation at risk for premature labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All pregnant women should avoid exercise to ensure the safety of the fetus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the PARmed-X for Pregnancy?

    <p>To assess the safety of exercise for pregnant women prior to engaging in physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe anemia is classified as a __________ contraindication for exercise during pregnancy.

    <p>relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their classification as either absolute or relative contraindications for exercise during pregnancy:

    <p>Hemodynamically significant heart disease = Absolute Chronic bronchitis = Relative Preeclampsia = Absolute Extreme morbid obesity = Relative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of preeclampsia?

    <p>High blood pressure and protein in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity in pregnancy does not affect the risk of developing gestational hypertension.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurrence is considered a rapid progression of pre-eclampsia?

    <p>Swelling and hypertension without previous symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used to describe breakdown of red blood cells in HELLP syndrome is _____________.

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of pregnancy does preeclampsia typically occur?

    <p>After 20 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the complications with their associated risks:

    <p>Gestational hypertension = Developing pre-eclampsia Preeclampsia = Increased risk in morbidly-obese women Neural tube defects = Maternal obesity HELPP syndrome = Severe pre-eclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Preeclampsia is only a concern for women with pre-existing hypertension.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major sign of preeclampsia.

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy?

    <p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fetal respiratory system is the first to develop during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>It acts as a supply depot and waste-removal system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum is responsible for hormone production for the first ______ weeks of pregnancy.

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary function:

    <p>hCG = Maintains the corpus luteum Estrogen = Promotes fetal growth and development Progesterone = Prevents menstruation Relaxin = Relaxes pelvic ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger Braxton-Hicks contractions?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the mother's bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does progesterone have on the smooth muscle of the GI tract during pregnancy?

    <p>It slows peristalsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change relaxes the ligaments attaching ribs during pregnancy?

    <p>Relaxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary resistance increases by 50% during pregnancy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional requirement is emphasized to help prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy?

    <p>Folate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, the mother's oxygen-rich blood is exchanged with the fetal blood through the _________.

    <p>chronic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nutrients with their related benefits during pregnancy:

    <p>Folate = Prevention of neural tube defects Iron = Supports fetal development Vitamin D = Aids calcium absorption Protein = Supports tissue growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical increase in carbohydrate intake recommended for pregnant women?

    <p>175g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dyspnea is a common complaint during early pregnancy, affecting 60-70% of patients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the increase in tidal volume during pregnancy?

    <p>Elevated position of diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pregnancy Overview & Hormones

    • Fertilized ovum is called a zygote. Implantation occurs within two weeks of fertilization.
    • Fetal period begins at eight weeks. Gestation duration is 40 weeks.
    • Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters.
    • Critical periods in embryonic and fetal development exist. Organ systems develop rapidly during certain periods.
    • Mood swings, morning sickness, and perspiration increases are common. Enlarging fetus puts pressure on bladder.
    • Critical periods for organ systems development are susceptible to nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and trauma. Neural tube defects can occur.
    • By the end of first trimester, fetus is approximately 4 inches long and 1 ounce. Eyes and ears develop, and buds for arms and legs appear.
    • By the end of the second trimester, body adjusts to hormone levels, and fatigue/nausea lessen.

    Anatomic and Physiological Changes

    • 1st Trimester: Fetus grows to about 4 inches long and 1 ounce. Eyes and ears form and buds for arms and legs appear.
    • Mood swings, morning sickness, and perspiration increases are common; fetus enlarges and puts pressure on bladder.
    • Neural tube defects can occur.
    • Brain undergoes substantial development during the fifth month.
    • By end of second trimester, fetus grows to approximately 14-16 inches and 3 lbs.

    Placenta

    • Crucial nutritional depot and waste-removal system.
    • Two bloods never mix. Metabolically active organ.
    • Hormones are released by Corpus luteum; hCG, stimulating placental cell production of hormones.
    • Placenta takes over hormone production after 12 weeks.

    Role of Hormones

    • hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) maintains corpus luteum until placenta develops.
    • Corpus luteum grows in size during first month.
    • Estrogen (estradiol, estrone, estriol) influences reproductive organs and is involved in the rebuilding of the endometrial lining.
    • Estrogen production starts in the corpus luteum for 12 weeks, and then transitions to the placenta.
    • Progesterone is secreted from the corpus luteum for the first 12 weeks, and then from the placenta. It helps regulate hormone levels and prevents uterine contractions.

    Weight Gain in Pregnancy

    • Woman's weight gain during pregnancy is a crucial factor in fetal health.
    • Ideal weight-gain patterns vary.
    • Benefits of appropriate weight gain and risks of abnormal weight gain are described.
    • Underweight mothers tend to have low-birthweight babies.
    • Maternal obesity is associated with conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, elevated cholesterol, and triglycerides..
    • Obesity increases the likelihood of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia.

    Weight Gain in Pregnancy (Cont)

    • Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine and can cause serious problems for both mother and child.
    • Risks for mother and fetus include chronic versus gestational hypertension and preeclampsia..
    • Obesity in pregnancy is marked by central obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and elevated cholesterols and triglycerides.

    Fetal Development

    • Risks for mother and fetus, including preeclampsia (high blood pressure), protein in urine, and possibly developing into eclampsia..
    • Possible factors influencing neural tube defects such as obesity.
    • Risk factors for neural tube defects are discussed.
    • Associated with conditions such as sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic renal function, and cardiac dysfunction.

    Weight Gain (Additional Considerations)

    • Large for gestational age has a positive correlation to obesity for adolescents and adults.
    • Increased obesity, which is linked with gestational diabetes and other metabolic issues, is thought to increase in the adult population.
    • There is controversy about whether the diabesity epidemic, linked with accelerated fetal growth, can begin in the womb or fetal stage.
    • Gestational factors could influence obesity-related issues in offspring.

    Exercise During Pregnancy

    • Although no conclusive negative growth effects are confirmed in animals, pregnant women should not overexert themselves.
    • Exercise should be avoided or limited during the first trimester.
    • Exertion during pregnancy should be limited to prevent damage to the fetus.
    • Exercise concerns include increased fetal core temperature, reduced blood flow to the uterus, potential for low birth weight, and possible damage to the fetus.
    • Severe anemia, uncontrolled cardiac issues, chronic bronchitis, and poorly controlled diabetes are relative contraindications to exercise during pregnancy.
    • Absolute contraindications include persistent lung issues, significant heart complications, multiple pregnancies at risk for premature labor, persistent bleeding, and placenta previa.

    Exercise Considerations (Cont)

    • Pregnant women should complete a PARMED-X exercise test prior to exercising.
    • Exercise should be performed under medical supervision if needed.
    • Sedentary pregnant women should increase exercise gradually.
    • The frequency and volume of resistance training (RT) depends on training status and may not exceed 3 sessions weekly.
    • Moderate exercise, such as walking or cycling, is recommended.
    • Women who are obese or sedentary should start slowly and consult a doctor.
    • Avoid high-intensity exercises, contact sports, or activities that may lead to balance problems

    Exercise Prescription Considerations

    • Exercise during pregnancy can benefit in reducing back pain, risk for gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.
    • Exercise also improves overall fitness.
    • Exercise may prevent or improve urinary incontinence, reduce depressive symptoms, and promote healthy weight gain.
    • Exercisers are more likely to continue exercise after pregnancy.
    • Metabolic, aerobic exercise helps prevent complications like eclampsia and reduces cholesterol and gestational diabetes risks.

    Exercise Considerations (Cont)

    • Time constraints for exercise should be considered.
    • 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week is suggested.
    • A gradual increase in duration is recommended.
    • 10-15 minutes is recommended for warm-up and cool-down periods.
    • Dynamic exercise using large muscle groups, such as walking, is most appropriate.
    • Post-partum workout parameters depend on the type of delivery.

    Exercise Considerations (Cont)

    • Modifications may be needed for training status, and intensity changes may be warranted if symptoms are present.
    • Exercise types and intensity levels should be appropriate and adjusted as needed.
    • Exercise is encouraged to minimize back pain risks.
    • It is recommended to encourage exhalation during concentric movements during resistance training.
    • Pregnant women should avoid isometric contractions and activities that might increase joint instability risks.

    Pregnant Women's Exercise Program Recommendations

    • Exercise is beneficial for a variety of reasons including reducing back pain, managing weight gain, reducing risk of developing gestational diabetes.
    • Guidelines emphasize gradual progression in aerobic exercise.
    • Resistance training (RT) is a beneficial form of exercise during pregnancy, but requires proper pacing and intensity for safe practice.
    • Pregnant women should not do high-intensity exercises like strenuous workouts.
    • Moderate-intensity exercise at 15-30mins duration and 3 sessions per week is a recommendation.
    • Exercise guidelines are given based on past history.

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    Pregnancy Overview & Hormones PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential aspects of pregnancy, including the stages of development from fertilization to the fetal period. You'll learn about hormonal changes, critical periods of development, and common physical and emotional changes experienced by pregnant individuals. Test your knowledge on the timeline and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy.

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