Pre-Spanish Philippines

• Pre-Spanish Colonial Period reflects a system of power based on mercantilism, valuing gold and silver.

Kristiyanismo and Animismo

• Illustrates the contrast between Christian and Indigenous beliefs with figures like priests, babaylans, saints and anitos.

Social Hierarchy

• Maginoo are the datus and their families
• Maharlika are the warriors
• Timawa are the datu's helpers
• Alipin, divided as Aliping Namamahay (with partial rights, living in own house, and unsellable) and Aliping Saguiguilir (no rights, living in the master's house, and subjected to sale at any time).

Governance

• Barangays consist of 30-100 people
• Barter is the system used for trading.
• Kalumbiga refers to gold accessories.
• Bothoan are the schools.
• Datu: leader
• Rajah: chief
• Sultan: Head of sutanate
• Lallakay and Pangat constitute the council of elders.
• Major Islands include Luson and Bisaya and Hilagang Mindanao

Debt System

• Debt is transferable across generations, creating a wealth gap.
• Debts can lead to enslavement but slavery is not permanent; freedom can be bought to become an Aliping Namamahay.

Punishments

• Datu investigations and sentences are public to ensure transparency
• Mediators are used from other barangays to resolve conflicts
• Symbolic reconciliation involves the plaintiff hosting a traditional drinking session.

Penalties

• Insulting the rich is punishable by death
• Witches' children become slaves after the death penalty
• Datu has to compensate all that were injured

Commoners

• Commoners/Slaves could face death or enslavement for offenses
• Other offenses are met with punishments involving gold or labor.
• A friend/relative paid on their behalf, they work for them as a commoner

Social Classes and Families

• Children of Maharlika fathers and slave mothers are free
• Children are half-free if the father recognizes them

Marriage

• Determines the freedom status of children based on the parents' status as master or slave

Dowry

• Dowry (Bigay-kaya) presents the tradition of gifts from men to women's parents
• The distribution of the dowry at the death of parents sees it divided equally to children, or taken entirely by the wife if she has no living parents or grandparents

Other marraige traditions

• Himaraw is extra money is given to parents by man as sign of respect

Marriage Customs

• Datus and Maginoos are allowed to have multiple wives, with the first wife considered the highest-ranking

Divorce

• Patriarchal families permit divorce under reasons like adultery, infertility, constant mistreatment, or mutual agreement

Children

• Namamahay children can be sold into saguiguilir.
• Parents who object their child is sold are punished and sold.
• Fathers can give half the dowry to the son immediately, or when the son is about to get married.

Dowries after Divorce

• If the woman leaves and remarries, the husband receives double the dowry
• If the husband leaves with no children, he receives half the dowry

Dowry and Death

• If the wife dies with no children, her parents return half the dowry to the husband
• If the husband dies, half is returned to husband's relatives

Marriage Contracts

• Violators of marriage contracts are fined, with harsher penalties if children are unwilling or if parents are dead

Inaasava

• Inaasava signifies an unmarried woman / illegitimate wife with children
• Tingues - mountain ridges
• Tael - currency
• Ganta - unit of capacity (usually for rice)(

Religion and Worship

• Simbahan is the place of worship
• Pandot is the festival
• Nagaanitos is the act of worship (usually 4 days)
• Lic-ha/Likha are worshipped deities

Superstitions

• Superstitions and Auguries (omens) involve divination and beliefs about luck and misfortune based on animals or sneezes

Deities

• Badhala is the "all-powerful" and "maker of things"
• Worship focused on the sun, moon, and stars
• Mapolon and Dian Masalanta cover change of seasons and patron of lovers
• Lacapati & Idianale are patrons of cultivated lands and husbandry

Priests of the Devil

• Mangagauay – cause or cure illness
• Manysilat - breaks marriages
• Mangcocolam – human torch but evil
• Hacloban – kill w gesture, destroy houses, undo curses
• Silagan - eyeless jack (liver eater) but he targets people wearing white
• Magtatangal – 1½ crosswise people or headless roblox avatar people
• Osuang - flesh eating sorcerer
• Mangagayoma – makes love charms
• Sonat - guides the dying, predicts salvation/condemnation
• Pangatahojan – predicts the future
• Bayoguin - gender nonconforming shaman
• Catalonan are high ranking priests
• Babaylan are female priests

Burial, Customs, and Afterlife Beliefs

• Tagalog people were buried beside homes, with warriors buried alongside a live slave
• Aeta/Negrito people were buried vertically with their head exposed and protected with a coconut
• Good people went to Maca and bad people went to Casanaan
• Sitan are demons in Casanaan (hell)
• Tigbalaang are phantoms
• Vibit are ghosts
• Patianac women who died during childbirth

Pigafetta

• Rajah is the native prince or king
• Casi casi - "almost almost" idiom to convey the desire for a closer brother-like relationship
• Zamal → Samar
• Mazaua → Limasawa
• Zubu → Cebu
• Humunu → Homonhon
• Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and explorer who joined Magellan's expeditions
• Homonhon, Samar- arrived March 16, 1521
• March 18, 1521 - first contact with Zuluans
• March 28, 1851 - first contact w Filipinos
• Cebu- arrived April 7, 1521

Key Figures

• Father Juan de Plasencia was a Franciscan missionary, linguist, and writer who wrote about Tagalog language and customs

Publications

• "Arte de Lengua Tagala" - Tagalog grammar for Spanish idiots
• "Diccionario Tagalog" - one of the first Tagalog dictionaries

Magellan & Zuluans

• Zuluans found two springs: Aquada da li buoni Segnialli and left March 25

Trading gifts

• There was an exchange of gifts with Zuluans
• Magellan group gave Red caps, Mirrors, Combs, Bells and Ivory
• Zuluans group gave Fish, Uraca, Figs, 2 coconuts

Limasawa

• The first Roman Catholic mass featured Father Pedro de Valderrama celebrating Easter Sunday mass on March 31, 1521
• Magellan made peace with Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siani

Magellan's expedition in Cebu

• Magellan did intimidation and demanding commerce and was met with refusal to follow customs, and introduction of Christianity
• After threats, Magellan’s crew were presented with fine cloth, food, wine and entertainment which featured naked young girls

Captain

• The captain promised perpetual peace with the king of Spain and likewise

Battle of Mactan

• Fought on April 27, 1521 in Mactan, Cebu
• Rajah Sula and Magellan sought to defeat Lapu-Lapu
• Magellan set out with 60 well armed men while Lapu-Lapu was defended by around 1500 warriors
• Lapu-Lapu's forces surrounded them on all sides
• Magellan was struck in the leg with a poison arrow and died

Aftermath of the Battle

• Rajah Humabon asked the people of Mactan for Magellan's body in exchange for anything but the offer was refused
• Instead the Mactan people wanted to keep his body as a memorial
• The new commanders became Duarte Barboza and Juan Serrano
• Barboza threatened Henrich with the help of Rajah Humabon
• Rajah Humabon and Henrich plotted to betray and kill them and get ships and merchandise of the voyagers
• On May 1, 1521 - their plan worked and they killed some of the men including Duarte Barboza
• The wounded Johan Serrano begged Antonio Pigafetta and the others on the ship to rescue him, but they ended up leaving Cebu without him

Los Filipinos (GomBurZa)

• Padre Mariano Gomez was an old man
• Padre Jose Burgos taught Felipe Buencamino and Paciano Mercado
• Padre Jacinto Zamora was a gambler
• Carlos Maria de la Torre was the new Governor-General who told Burgos to silence himself for Buencamino's freedom
• Rafael Izquierdo replaces de la Torre, was very suspicious of Burgos and made it so that Spanish soldiers don't have to pay taxes anymore which causes the Cavite Mutiny
• Francisco Zaldua was a traitor