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What material was primarily used for constructing the traditional Philippine bahay kubo?
The Datu was responsible for judicial processes including trials in pre-Spanish Philippine society.
False
Name one female clothing item worn during the pre-Spanish period in the Philippines.
Baro/Camisa, saya/patadyong, or tapis
Lapu-Lapu is known as the first native who resisted the Spanish colonization in __________.
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Match the following deities with their domains:
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What was the primary reason for the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
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Lapu-Lapu is considered the second national hero of the Philippines.
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Name one Spanish influence on Philippine culture today.
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Shifting traditional culinary influences, the ______ includes foods such as avocado, coffee, and guava.
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Match the following Spanish influences in the Philippines with their corresponding examples:
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What was the primary motivation for Spanish colonization represented by 'Gold'?
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Lapu-Lapu is regarded as the first national hero of the Philippines.
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What is one example of Spanish influence in the law in the Philippines?
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The primary Spanish religions that influenced the Philippines are __________.
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Match the Spanish contributions to their corresponding impact on Philippine culture:
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Which of the following was NOT a reason for the Spanish colonization of the Philippines?
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What type of music is associated with courtship in Filipino culture?
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Spanish architecture in the Philippines includes developments beyond church buildings.
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Filipinos greet each other with a kiss on each __________.
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Which of the following foods is mentioned as part of the Spanish culinary influence in the Philippines?
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What is the primary role of the Datu in pre-Spanish Philippine society?
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The bahay kubo was built primarily from concrete and steel.
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What does the term 'Sanduguan' refer to in pre-Spanish society?
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The native god of agriculture in pre-Spanish Philippine beliefs is called __________.
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Match the following traditional clothing items with their descriptions:
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What divine being is recognized as the supreme god in pre-Spanish Philippine spirituality?
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Lapu-Lapu is known for successfully defeating Magellan during the Spanish colonization.
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Name one creature from native superstitious beliefs.
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The __________ was a traditional form of governing community led by the Datu.
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Match the following superstitious creatures with their descriptions:
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What significant event in 1898 marked the beginning of American influence in the Philippines?
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The Tydings/McDuffie Law allowed the United States to maintain control over the Philippines indefinitely.
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In what year did the Philippines gain full independence from the United States?
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The Philippines had been ruled by the Spanish for nearly _____ years.
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Which program did the United States introduce to the Philippine islands during their rule?
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Match the following contributions of the Americans with their impact on Philippine culture:
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The 'Thomasites' were teachers sent from the United States to help establish schools in the Philippines.
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What did many Filipinos love to incorporate into their cultural expressions as a result of American influence?
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The United States paid _______ dollars to Spain for the Philippines.
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Which group specifically consisted of American teachers sent to the Philippines?
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What is the second national language of the Philippines?
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The Japanese occupation of the Philippines lasted from 1941 to 1945.
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Name one American food item that has been widely adopted into Filipino culture.
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The Filipino version of 'computer' is known as __________.
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Match the clothing items introduced by Americans with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a commonly adopted American food item in the Philippines?
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Taglish is a mix of Tagalog and English spoken by many Filipinos.
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What popular American fast food chain can be found in the Philippines?
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English words that are pronounced similarly to their American counterparts are often __________ into Filipino.
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Which of the following clothing items is commonly associated with American influence in Filipino culture?
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In what year did the Philippines gain full independence from the United States?
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The Japanese military government in the Philippines left a lasting impact on Filipino culture.
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What was one of the 12 rules imposed on Filipinos during the Japanese occupation?
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The _________ was a strict measure that restricted movement during the Japanese occupation.
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Match the following rules with their descriptions:
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What currency was introduced during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines?
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The Japanese occupation resulted in significant long-term changes to Filipino daily life.
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Name one area where the Japanese influence can still be seen in the Philippines today.
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People who were jobless could find work in the ______ during the Japanese occupation.
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Which of the following was NOT a rule imposed on Filipinos during Japanese rule?
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What event catalyzed Cory Aquino's rise as a leader in the anti-Marcos movement?
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Jaime Cardinal Sin played a crucial role in supporting Ferdinand Marcos during his presidency.
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What was the Presidential Proclamation No. 1081 associated with?
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Corazon Aquino became the symbolic figurehead of the anti-Marcos political _________.
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Match the following figures with their contributions or roles:
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the declaration of Martial Law?
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Imelda Marcos served as the first Governor of Manila.
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What nickname was given to Imelda Marcos?
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The People Power Revolution is also known as the ________ Revolution.
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Match the following events/terms with their descriptions:
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What was one of the major events that led to the declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines?
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The implementation of curfew hours during Martial Law was from 10 PM to 2 AM.
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Who was the leading critic of President Ferdinand Marcos, assassinated in 1983?
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Martial Law in the Philippines was declared through Presidential Proclamation No. __________.
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Match the following events with their impacts during Martial Law:
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Which of the following was NOT listed as a positive effect of Martial Law?
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The People Power Revolution successfully ended the Marcos regime in 1986.
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What organization was involved in leftist movements against the government during Martial Law?
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The group known as the __________ National Liberation Front sought independence for Muslim Filipinos during the Martial Law period.
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What was one of the main reasons for the imposition of emergency powers under Martial Law?
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What was the primary goal of the People Power Revolution in the Philippines?
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The People Power Revolution was notable for its violence and bloodshed.
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Who called for the revolution over Radio Veritas?
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The demonstration at EDSA is also known as the ________ Revolution.
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Match the following individuals with their roles during the revolution:
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What imagery was used by Filipinos during the protests against the Marcos regime?
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The revolution resulted in significant legal consequences for Imelda Marcos.
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The 1986 Presidential snap election was marred by allegations of ________.
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What illness did Ferdinand Marcos suffer from before his death?
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What significant action did Cardinal Sin urge Filipinos to take?
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Study Notes
Pre-Spanish Philippines
- Housing: Filipinos lived in houses called bahay kubo, built with materials such as wood, bamboo, and nipa palm. Some groups, like the Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos, constructed their homes on treetops. The Badjaos, on the other hand, lived in houses built on boats.
Pre-Spanish Clothing
-
Male:
- Kanggan: A sleeveless jacket, worn in red by chiefs and in black or blue by commoners.
- Bahag: Loincloth.
- Putong: Turban representing a wearer's social status or achievements.
-
Female:
- Baro/Camisa: Jacket with sleeves.
- Saya/Patadyong: Long skirt.
- Tapis: Piece of red or white cloth worn over the skirt.
Pre-Spanish Government
- Datu: Leader of a community, exercising authority in areas such as war, voyages, planting and harvesting, and construction.
- Barangay: Filipino community, referred to as "Balangay" from the Malay word meaning "boat".
- Buwis: Taxes paid by community members to their Datu.
Pre-Spanish Social Practice
- Sanduguan (Blood Compact): A ceremony signifying friendship, alliance, and agreement between individuals or groups.
Pre-Spanish Justice
- Trial by Ordeal: A method of determining guilt or innocence through dangerous or painful tests.
Pre-Spanish Religion & Beliefs
- Bathala: The supreme being.
-
Other Deities:
- Idiyanale: God of Agriculture.
- Sidapa: God of Death.
- Agni: God of Fire.
- Balangaw: God of Rainbow.
- Lalahon: God of Harvest.
- Siginarugan: God of Hell.
Pre-Spanish Superstitions
- Aswang: Witch.
- Dwende: Tiny, human-like creatures.
- Kapre: Tall, ape-like creatures associated with trees, often depicted smoking cigarettes.
- Mangkukulam: Old women believed to have the power to harm others using pins and dolls.
- Tikbalang: Half-human, half-horse creature.
- Tiyanak: A baby that sucks the blood of humans.
Spanish Colonization
- Lapu-Lapu: Ruler of Mactan, known for resisting Spanish colonization in the Philippines. On April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu and his men defeated Magellan and his Spanish forces at the Battle of Mactan, solidifying Lapu-Lapu's status as the first national hero of the Philippines.
- Miguel López de Legazpi: Spanish conquistador who established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.
- Manila: Founded in 1571, it became the capital city of the Spanish colonial holdings.
- Spanish Control: By the 16th century, the Spanish had established control over most coastal and lowland areas in the Philippines.
Spanish Colonization Motives
-
3G's: The Spanish had three main motives for colonizing the Philippines:
- God: Spreading Christianity.
- Gold: Seeking riches and resources.
- Glory: Expanding the Spanish empire.
Spanish Influence on Philippine Culture
- Law: Spanish legal system, influenced by the cedula (a form of identification).
- Religion: Introduction of Christianity, primarily Catholicism.
- Education: Spanish education system was heavily influenced by religion.
- Language: Spanish introduced new words and phrases that were incorporated into Tagalog and Bisaya languages.
- Family Names: Many Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames, like Legazpi.
- Architecture: Churches built during the Spanish colonial period continue to stand as prominent examples of Spanish architectural style.
- Arts: Spanish art forms are evident in religious icons and traditional art forms.
- Music: Influence on music can be seen in courtship songs like harana and kundiman.
- Cuisine: The introduction of food crops like avocado, coffee, papaya, guava, corn, squash, sausage, and pickles.
- Customs: Kissing on both cheeks as a greeting and farewell, coffee drinking, and festivals are some of the customs influenced by Spanish culture.
Pre-Spanish Period
- Filipinos lived in communities called barangays, which were named after the Malay word for “boat.”
- Filipinos built houses called bahay kubo using wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.
- Some Filipinos built their houses on treetops, others built their houses on boats.
- Male clothing: Kanggan (sleeveless jacket), Bahag (loincloth), and Putong (turban representing social status).
- Female clothing: Baro/Camisa (jacket with sleeves), Saya/Patadyong (long skirt), and Tapis (a piece of red or white cloth worn on top of the skirt).
- The leader of a barangay was called a Datu, who served a variety of roles including warfare, voyages, planting and harvesting, constructing or repairing houses, and collecting taxes.
- Filipinos practiced blood compact (Sanduguan) to signify friendship, alliance, and agreements.
- The judicial process included trial by ordeal.
- Filipinos had a pantheon of deities including Bathala (supreme being), Idiyanale (God of Agriculture), Sidapa (God of Death), Agni (God of Fire), Balangaw (God of Rainbow), Lalahon (God of Harvest), and Siginarugan (God of Hell).
- Filipinos believed in superstitious entities like aswang (witch), dwende (tiny human-like creatures), kapre (tall, ape-like creatures who smoke cigarettes and reside in trees), mangkukulam (elderly women who could harm others using pins and dolls), tikbalang (half-man half-horse creature), and tiyanak (a baby that drinks human blood).
Spanish Colonization
- Lapu-Lapu, a ruler of Mactan, was the first Filipino to resist Spanish colonization.
- On April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu and his men defeated Magellan and his Spanish forces.
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.
- The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and by the end of the 16th century, Spain controlled most of the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to Northern Mindanao.
- Spanish friars, accompanied by soldiers, converted Filipinos to Roman Catholicism.
- The three main reasons for Spanish colonization were God, gold, and glory (3G’s).
- Spanish influence is evident in present-day Philippine culture in:
- Law (cedula)
- Religion (Christianity)
- Education (religion-oriented)
- Language (Tagalog-Bisaya)
- Family Names (Legazpi, etc.)
- Architecture (churches, such as San Agustin Church)
- Arts (religious iconography)
- Music (harana and kundiman, which are courtship songs)
- Cuisine (foods such as avocado, coffee, papaya, guava, corn, squash, sausage, and pickles)
- Customs (greeting each other and saying goodbye with a kiss on each cheek, drinking coffee, festivals, etc.)
American Period in the Philippines (1898 - 1946)
- The United States gained control of the Philippines from Spain after the Spanish-American War, which concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1898.
- The US paid $20,000,000 (approximately PHP 1,134,300,000.00) to Spain for the Philippines.
- The US continued governing the Philippines after World War I, fostering a more amicable relationship.
- The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 made the Philippines a Commonwealth of the United States, granting them partial autonomy.
- The US pledged to grant the Philippines complete independence within 10 years.
- On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized the Philippines as an independent nation.
- The relationship between Americans and Filipinos remains friendly and warm.
American Influence On Filipino Culture
- Religious freedom was introduced, leading to the establishment of various churches beyond Catholicism.
- The Americans introduced free public education and provided teachers, known as "Thomasites," to establish schools.
- English became a prominent language and is now considered the second national language.
- The Filipino language, Tagalog, has adopted many English words, often maintaining similar pronunciations but Filipino-ized spellings.
- American clothing styles were adopted, including:
- Belts
- Short skirts/dresses
- Suspenders
- Bonnets/hats
- Polo shirts
- High heels
- Tennis shoes
- Make-up
- American food items were widely accepted, including:
- Hamburgers
- Mayonnaise
- Sandwiches
- Hot dogs
- Oatmeal
- Steak
- Ketchup
- Ice cream
- Chewing gum
- Corn flakes
- Apple pie
- American-style restaurants like McDonald’s, KFC, and Dunkin Donuts became popular.
- Other cultural influences include jeepneys, swing dance, and the adoption of democratic principles.
Japanese Period (1942-1945)
- Japan invaded the Philippines on December 8, 1941, a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
- The Philippines was a semi-independent commonwealth under US control.
- The Philippines were liberated from Japanese control in 1944 by Allied forces.
- The Philippines gained full independence from the United States in 1946.
Japanese Occupation Rules
- Filipinos were required to salute Japanese soldiers.
- The Japanese flag was mandatory in every household.
- All Filipinos had to wear a sunrise armband on their left arm.
- Each person was required to have a certificate of residence.
- Filipinos were expected to welcome Japanese soldiers.
- Filipinos were prohibited from walking between sunset and sunrise without lamps.
- Spreading false propaganda against the Japanese was forbidden.
- Arson, accidental fires, and robbery were severely punishable.
- Filipinos were given permission to possess arms but were required to report them and obtain a permit from the mayor.
- Jobless individuals were allowed to work with the Japanese Army.
- Filipinos were ordered to follow directives issued by authorized governors and mayors.
Japanese Impact On Philippines Culture
- The Japanese presence was brief, leaving a limited lasting cultural impact.
- Changes during the Japanese occupation included:
- Strict curfews
- Introduction of Japanese currency
- Halving of the baranggays (neighborhood government system)
- Implementation of a military government.
- The Japanese occupation was generally considered an unhappy period for Filipinos.
- After the Japanese departure, Filipino life returned to its pre-occupation state.
- Japanese influence in Filipino culture slowly grew over time.
- Today, Japanese influence on the Philippines is considerable.
Martial Law in the Philippines (1972 - 1986)
- President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 23, 1972, through Presidential Proclamation No. 1081
- The declaration cited the rise of leftist groups like the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), New People's Army (NPA), and Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), worsening peace and order problems, and the Plaza Miranda bombing as justifications
- Martial Law implemented several policies, including curfews, bans on rallies and strikes, government control over media, suspension of overseas work for Filipinos (except for government-approved missions), and the death penalty for carrying firearms without permission
- Positive effects of Martial Law were claimed to include eradication of criminality, improved peace and order, elimination of terrorism, removal of corrupt officials, and promotion of equality and equity
- Negative effects were attributed to warrantless arrests, indefinite detention without charges, restrictions of rights, abuse of power, and the use of emergency powers and military courts
- Martial Law ultimately led to the People Power Revolution of 1986
People Power Revolution (1986)
- The assassination of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. in 1983 was a significant catalyst for the People Power Revolution
- Other causes contributing to the revolution included allegations of fraud during the 1986 presidential election and decades of oppressive totalitarian rule under the Marcos regime
- Cardinal Jaime Sin's call via Radio Veritas for Filipinos to gather at EDSA to protect rebel forces was a key factor in the revolution's success
- The revolution was largely non-violent and marked by the use of rosaries and holy images against Marcos forces
- The coup d'etat led by Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile and PC Director General Fidel V. Ramos over Camp Aguinaldo played a crucial role in the revolution
- The revolution resulted in the removal of Ferdinand Marcos and the installation of Corazon Aquino as President
- After Marcos' death, allegations against his family regarding corruption, electoral fraud, and human rights violations persisted but did not result in legal convictions
- Imelda Marcos survived the “trial of the century” facing charges of corruption, electoral fraud, and human rights abuses.
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Description
Explore the rich culture and societal structure of the Pre-Spanish Philippines. This quiz covers traditional housing, clothing styles, and the governance system, including the roles of community leaders and the social significance of various attire. Test your knowledge on these fascinating aspects of early Filipino life!
