Questions and Answers
What is regarded as the primary motivation behind Spanish colonization of the Philippines, commonly referred to as the 3G's?
Which of the following is NOT an influence of Spanish colonization on Philippine culture?
What was the name of the first permanent Spanish settlement established in the Philippines?
Which of the following musical forms is associated with Spanish colonial influence in the Philippines?
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Which of the following best describes the process of local conversion under Spanish administration during colonization?
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What is the traditional house of Filipinos known as?
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What is the primary role of the Datu in ancient Philippine society?
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Which of the following is NOT a deity worshipped by the natives?
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Which creature from superstitious beliefs is known for its ability to harm others using a pin and a doll?
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What significant event involving Lapu-Lapu occurred on April 27, 1521?
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What is the original meaning of the term 'Balangay' used to refer to a community?
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Which god is known as the God of Fire among the indigenous deities?
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What common form of trial was practiced in the judicial process of early Filipinos?
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What mode of dressing is unique to the male population in pre-Spanish Philippine society?
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Which of the following deities is recognized as the God of Agriculture in indigenous Philippine beliefs?
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What was the role of the Buwis in the ancient governance of Filipino society?
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Which creature in Filipino superstitious beliefs is described as a tall, apelike being that smokes cigarettes?
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What significant action did Lapu-Lapu take against Spanish colonization?
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What was one of the significant changes implemented during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines?
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Which of the following rules imposed by the Japanese authority was NOT enforced during their occupation?
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Which aspect of Filipino life remained largely unaffected after the Japanese occupation ended?
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What was a consequence of the strict curfew enforced during the Japanese occupation?
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How did the Japanese occupation impact the neighborhood government systems in the Philippines?
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What year did the Japanese occupation of the Philippines begin?
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During what period did the Japanese occupation of the Philippines occur?
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What was the status of the Philippines before the Japanese occupation?
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What significant event immediately preceded the invasion of the Philippines?
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Which of the following was NOT a direct impact of the Japanese occupation on Philippine society?
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What was the governing power in the Philippines during the Japanese occupation?
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What was a common response of Filipinos to the Japanese occupation?
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What event marked the end of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines?
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After the Japanese occupation, which type of governance was re-established in the Philippines?
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What aspect of Philippine culture was heavily influenced during the Japanese occupation?
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Study Notes
Pre-Spanish Period
Houses
- Traditional houses called bahay kubo, constructed from wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.
- Some ethnic groups, like Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos, built their homes on treetops for protection and climate.
- Badjaos constructed homes on boats, adapting to their maritime lifestyle.
Mode of Dressing
-
Male Attire:
- Kanggan: A sleeveless jacket, with red worn by chiefs and black/blue by commoners.
- Bahag: A traditional loincloth.
- Putong: A turban indicating social status and achievements.
-
Female Attire:
- Baro/Camisa: A fitted jacket with sleeves.
- Saya/Patadyong: A long skirt.
- Tapis: A cloth worn over the skirt, usually red or white.
Government
- Governed by a chieftain known as Datu.
- Community called barangay, derived from the Malay word balangay, meaning "boat".
- Datu's responsibilities included leading during warfare, voyages, agricultural activities, and construction or repairs of homes while collecting taxes (buwis).
Sanduguan
- Ritualized friendship, alliance, or agreement by performing a blood compact.
Judicial Process
- Utilized trial by ordeal as a means to determine guilt or innocence.
Religious Beliefs and Practices
- Worship of several deities, including:
- Bathala: The supreme being.
- Idiyanale: God of Agriculture.
- Sidapa: God of Death.
- Agni: God of Fire.
- Balangaw: God of the Rainbow.
- Lalahon: God of Harvest.
- Siginarugan: God of Hell.
Superstitious Beliefs
- Beliefs in various supernatural beings such as:
- Aswang: A witch.
- Dwende: Tiny human-like creatures.
- Kapre: Large, ape-like tree dwellers who smoke.
- Mangkukulam: An old woman who uses magic to harm others.
- Tikbalang: A half human, half horse creature.
- Tiyanak: A vampiric baby that preys on humans.
Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898)
Resistance and Key Figures
- Lapu-Lapu, ruler of Mactan, known for resisting Spanish colonization.
- On April 27, 1521, he defeated Magellan and his troops, becoming the archipelago's first national hero.
Spanish Expeditions
- After King Philip II's initial disastrous expeditions, Miguel López de Legazpi established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.
- Spanish Manila founded in 1571; by the late 16th century, most coastal areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao came under Spanish control.
Religious Influence
- Spanish friars accompanied soldiers, leading to the widespread conversion of locals to Roman Catholicism.
Motivations for Colonization
- The three G's: God, Gold, and Glory.
Spanish Influence on Modern Filipino Culture
-
Law: Introduction of cedula as an identification system.
-
Religion: Predominantly Roman Catholic followed by cultural practices.
-
Education: Religion-oriented educational institutions established.
-
Language: Influence on Tagalog and Bisaya languages.
-
Family Names: Adoption of surnames like Legazpi.
-
Architecture: Design of churches reflecting Spanish styles, like San Agustin Church.
-
Arts: Religious iconography became integral to Filipino art.
-
Music: Styles such as harana and kundiman, associated with courtship.
-
Cuisine: Incorporation of various foods like avocado, coffee, and corn.
-
Customs: Social practices including cheek kissing and common festive celebrations.
-
All aspects reflect the blending of Spanish influence in contemporary Philippine culture.
Pre-Spanish Period
Houses
- Traditional houses called bahay kubo, constructed from wood, bamboo, and nipa palm.
- Some ethnic groups, like Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos, built their homes on treetops for protection and climate.
- Badjaos constructed homes on boats, adapting to their maritime lifestyle.
Mode of Dressing
-
Male Attire:
- Kanggan: A sleeveless jacket, with red worn by chiefs and black/blue by commoners.
- Bahag: A traditional loincloth.
- Putong: A turban indicating social status and achievements.
-
Female Attire:
- Baro/Camisa: A fitted jacket with sleeves.
- Saya/Patadyong: A long skirt.
- Tapis: A cloth worn over the skirt, usually red or white.
Government
- Governed by a chieftain known as Datu.
- Community called barangay, derived from the Malay word balangay, meaning "boat".
- Datu's responsibilities included leading during warfare, voyages, agricultural activities, and construction or repairs of homes while collecting taxes (buwis).
Sanduguan
- Ritualized friendship, alliance, or agreement by performing a blood compact.
Judicial Process
- Utilized trial by ordeal as a means to determine guilt or innocence.
Religious Beliefs and Practices
- Worship of several deities, including:
- Bathala: The supreme being.
- Idiyanale: God of Agriculture.
- Sidapa: God of Death.
- Agni: God of Fire.
- Balangaw: God of the Rainbow.
- Lalahon: God of Harvest.
- Siginarugan: God of Hell.
Superstitious Beliefs
- Beliefs in various supernatural beings such as:
- Aswang: A witch.
- Dwende: Tiny human-like creatures.
- Kapre: Large, ape-like tree dwellers who smoke.
- Mangkukulam: An old woman who uses magic to harm others.
- Tikbalang: A half human, half horse creature.
- Tiyanak: A vampiric baby that preys on humans.
Spanish Colonization (1521 - 1898)
Resistance and Key Figures
- Lapu-Lapu, ruler of Mactan, known for resisting Spanish colonization.
- On April 27, 1521, he defeated Magellan and his troops, becoming the archipelago's first national hero.
Spanish Expeditions
- After King Philip II's initial disastrous expeditions, Miguel López de Legazpi established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565.
- Spanish Manila founded in 1571; by the late 16th century, most coastal areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao came under Spanish control.
Religious Influence
- Spanish friars accompanied soldiers, leading to the widespread conversion of locals to Roman Catholicism.
Motivations for Colonization
- The three G's: God, Gold, and Glory.
Spanish Influence on Modern Filipino Culture
-
Law: Introduction of cedula as an identification system.
-
Religion: Predominantly Roman Catholic followed by cultural practices.
-
Education: Religion-oriented educational institutions established.
-
Language: Influence on Tagalog and Bisaya languages.
-
Family Names: Adoption of surnames like Legazpi.
-
Architecture: Design of churches reflecting Spanish styles, like San Agustin Church.
-
Arts: Religious iconography became integral to Filipino art.
-
Music: Styles such as harana and kundiman, associated with courtship.
-
Cuisine: Incorporation of various foods like avocado, coffee, and corn.
-
Customs: Social practices including cheek kissing and common festive celebrations.
-
All aspects reflect the blending of Spanish influence in contemporary Philippine culture.
Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
- Liberation occurred in 1944 by Allied forces after Japanese control from 1942 to 1945.
- The Philippines gained full independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.
- A set of 12 rules was imposed on Filipinos, including mandatory salutes to Japanese soldiers and displaying the Japanese flag.
Impact of Japanese Rule
- Enforced strict curfews and introduced Japanese currency.
- Reduced barangays (neighborhood governments) by half.
- Established a military government during wartime conditions.
- Post-occupation, Filipino culture reverted to its pre-Japanese state, lacking lasting Japanese influence.
English Language Influence
- English was taught in schools, becoming the primary language of instruction.
- “Taglish,” a blend of Tagalog and English, emerged and persists in Filipino culture.
- Numerous English words have been incorporated into Tagalog with adapted pronunciations.
American Cultural Influence
- Clothing introduced by Americans included polo shirts, high heels, and short skirts.
- American cuisine became popular, with items like burgers, hot dogs, and ice cream widely adopted.
- Fast food chains like McDonald’s and KFC flourished in the Philippines.
Historical Context of American Period
- U.S. involvement began in 1898 after the Spanish-American War, leading to the Treaty of Paris.
- Spain ceded the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million, marking over 300 years of Spanish rule.
- Tydings-McDuffie Law in 1934 set the framework for eventual independence in 1946.
Social Changes under American Influence
- Introduced concepts of religious freedom, allowing diverse religious practices.
- Implemented free education with the arrival of “Thomasites,” a group of American teachers.
- Fostering strong, friendly relations between Americans and Filipinos, evident in cultural expressions like decorated jeepneys and an affinity for American music.
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Description
Explore the rich cultural heritage of the Pre-Spanish period, focusing on traditional houses, clothing styles, and social structures. Learn about the unique architectural practices of various ethnic groups and the societal roles of their leaders. This quiz highlights the historical significance of these foundational elements in Philippine culture.
