Questions and Answers
What was the major reason behind the pre-1857 revolts in India?
Which of the following land reforms was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793?
Who was the leader of the Paika Revolt in 1817?
What was the name of the leader of the Santhal Rebellion in 1855?
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What was the cause of the Indigo Revolt in 1859?
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Who wrote the play 'Nil Darpan' about the Indigo Revolt?
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What was the name of the system of collective ownership of land practiced by the Santhals?
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Who led the Ahom Revolt in 1828?
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What is the significance of November 15 in Indian history?
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Who was the leader of the Moplah Uprising in 1836?
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Who introduced the Doctrine of Lapse in 1848?
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What was the primary concern of Hindu and Muslim soldiers regarding the 'Enfield' rifle?
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What was the name of the novel written by C. Chatterjee on the 1857 revolt?
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Which of the following was NOT one of the places acquired under the Doctrine of Lapse?
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What was the main purpose of the General Service Establishment Act introduced by Canning?
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In which year did the British acquire Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse?
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Who was the leader of the 1857 Revolt in Delhi?
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Where was the parallel government established in 1857 under the leadership of Kunwar Singh?
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Who was the leader of the 1857 Revolt in Lucknow?
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What was the result of the 1857 Revolt?
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Who wrote the book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'?
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When was the first cotton mill in India set up?
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Who was the leader of the 1857 Revolt in Jhansi?
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When was the Revolt of 1857 fully suppressed?
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What was one of the reasons for the failure of the 1857 Revolt?
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Who commented on the 1857 Revolt as the '1st war of Independence'?
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Study Notes
Pre-1857 Revolts
- Major trigger for revolts: Land reforms implemented by the British.
- Permanent Settlement (1793): Introduced by Cornwallis, established fixed revenue by zamindars in Bengal, UP, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Ryotwari System (1820): Developed by Munro and Reed, used primarily in Southern India, where peasants directly paid revenue to the government.
- Mahalwari System (1822): Introduced by Holt Mackenzie and William Bentinck in Punjab, involved village headmen collecting revenue.
Major Revolts Before 1857
- Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1764): Occurred in Bihar and Bengal, led by figures such as Manju Shah and Bhawani Pathak.
- Paika Revolt (1817): Odisha uprising led by Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar.
- Ahom Revolt (1828): Revolt in Assam led by Gomdhar Kunwar.
- Pagal Panthis (1825): Rebellion in Bengal, led by Karam Shah and Tipu.
- Moplah Uprising (1836): Occurred in Malabar.
- Kol Mutiny (1831): Led by Budho Bhagat against British oppression.
- Ho & Munda Uprising (1899): Birsa Munda led this revolt in Ranchi and Singhbhum.
- Santhal Rebellion (1855): Led by Sindhu and Kanhu in Rajmahal Hills; targeted issues of land for the Santhal tribe.
- Indigo Revolt (1859): An uprising against British coercion of farmers to cultivate Indigo, led by Digambar Biswas.
Immediate Causes and Events Leading to 1857 Revolt
- Introduction of the Enfield rifle and concerns over greased cartridges made from cow and pig fat, leading to mutinies.
- Mangal Pandey, a key figure, initiated the revolt in Barrackpore, resulting in his execution on April 8, 1857, and sparked wider discontent.
- The revolt officially began on May 10, 1857, with Delhi as the main hotspot.
Leaders of the Revolt
- Delhi: General Bhakt Khan and Bahadur Shah Zafar (Mughal ruler).
- Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal.
- Kanpur: Nana Saheb and Tantia Tope.
- Bihar: Kunwar Singh.
- Jhansi: Rani Lakshmibai (Manikarnika Tambe).
- Bareilly: Khan Bahadur Khan (Rohilla).
- Faizabad: Maulvi Ahmadullah.
Suppressors of the Revolt
- Delhi: John Nicholson.
- Lucknow: Henry Lawrence.
- Kanpur: Colin Campbell.
- Jhansi: Hugh Rose.
Aftermath of 1857 Revolt
- Government of India Act (1858): Abolished the East India Company's rule and established direct Crown rule.
- Queen’s Proclamation: Introduced changes in army structure, reducing Indian soldier numbers.
- Viceroy position: Established role with Canning as the first.
- Creation of a Secretary for General with a council of 15 members.
Reasons for the Failure of the 1857 Revolt
- Limited territorial and social support.
- Lack of cohesive coordination and leadership.
- Absence of a unified political strategy.
Notable Comments on the Revolt
- V.D. Savarkar referred to the revolt as the 1st War of Independence.
One-Liners for Quick Reference
- Jagdishpur's parallel government: Kunwar Singh led this initiative during 1857.
- Veerapandya Kattabomman: A freedom fighter from Tamil Nadu.
- Satnami Movement: Founded by Guru Ghasidas in central India.
- Dadabhai Naoroji: Authored "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India".
- 1st Cotton Mill in India: Established in Bombay in 1854 as a spinning mill.
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Description
Learn about the major triggers and land reforms that led to revolts in India before 1857, including the Permanent Settlement, Ryotwari System, and Mahalwari System.
