Practical Research 2: Qualitative vs Quantitative

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of qualitative research in relation to sampling?

It uses non-probability sampling with small, individualized groups. (correct)

It focuses on statistical analysis from a large data set.

It avoids using individual case studies.

It relies exclusively on large, randomized groups.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

Uses numerical data for analysis.

Tests hypotheses regarding relationships between variables.

Explores concepts and generates ideas. (correct)

Relies on close-ended instruments.

How does qualitative research primarily gather data?

Using close-ended surveys.

Through words, pictures, and artifacts. (correct)

Through numerical and statistical methods.

By employing large sample sizes and probabilities.

What differentiates exploratory research from conclusive research?

Exploratory research aims to discover ideas or concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypothesis is commonly associated with qualitative research?

A generated idea that may guide the research. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of instruments used, what distinguishes qualitative research from quantitative research?

Qualitative research typically uses open-ended instruments. Signup and view all the answers

How is the data analysis process characterized in qualitative research?

Data analysis often remains subjective and opinion-based. Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to data gathering in qualitative research unlike quantitative research?

Data gathering focuses more on individualized perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an independent variable in an experiment?

It is the factor manipulated by the researcher. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?

A third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables. Signup and view all the answers

In non-experimental research, what is the criterion variable often referred to as?

Dependent variable Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variable is used to explain causal links between other variables?

Intervening variable Signup and view all the answers

What defines a nominal variable?

Variables categorized without any inherent order. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about continuous variables?

They measure attributes that can be expressed along a spectrum. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an ordinal variable?

It can be ordered but does not have equal intervals between categories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Rationale' section in a research study?

To provide justification for the study Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do predictor variables serve in research?

They predict an outcome without direct manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Research Problem'?

An area of concern that requires further investigation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research, which factor is NOT considered when outlining the 'Considerations'?

The personal experience of the researcher Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the 'Statement of the Problem'?

Focused and well-defined problems Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the end point or outcome of a study that is stated in the research problem?

Intended Output Signup and view all the answers

What defines a ratio variable in research?

It includes features of interval variables and has a distinct definition of zero. Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the research study discusses the significance of the research?

Contribution Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of an experimental group in true experimental research?

It receives the variable being tested in an experiment. Signup and view all the answers

When formulating a research question, what type of variable refers to a variable that is manipulated in an experiment?

Independent Variable Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a null hypothesis from an alternative hypothesis?

The null hypothesis asserts no relationship, while the alternative posits that a relationship exists. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'research gap' primarily refer to in research studies?

Areas within a field that have not been sufficiently explored Signup and view all the answers

In what way does quasi-experimental research differ from true experimental research?

It investigates causal relationships without random selection. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of question aims to determine relationships among identified factors?

Factor-Relating Question Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a Situation Producing Question?

To suggest developmental and action plans Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration when formulating a hypothesis?

It should be supported by theories, facts, and previous studies. Signup and view all the answers

How does paraphrasing differ from summarizing?

Paraphrasing involves reconstructing meaning, while summarizing focuses on key points Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of an effective research title?

It must indicate significant factors and be catchy. Signup and view all the answers

What do limitations refer to in a research context?

Weaknesses that cannot be controlled by the researcher Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of true experimental research helps establish cause-and-effect relationships?

Use of random selection for group assignment. Signup and view all the answers

What do delimitations help to clarify in a research study?

The parameters defining the scope of the study Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hypothesis testing is true?

It tests the validity of a proposed relationship between variables. Signup and view all the answers

What does a conceptual framework mainly depict?

The correlation or influence between variables Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT typically included when defining the scope of a research study?

Sampling methods Signup and view all the answers

The arrow in a conceptual framework typically indicates what relationship?

Cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Overview

Research is a systematic process aimed at gathering, analyzing, and interpreting information to enhance understanding of a phenomenon.
Two primary types of research: qualitative and quantitative.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research:
- Analyzes non-numeric data such as words, images, and objects.
- Primarily exploratory, focusing on discovering ideas or concepts.
- Hypotheses may be developed rather than tested.
- Involves small, individualized sampling.
- Utilizes open-ended instruments encouraging exploration.
Quantitative Research:
- Analyzes numeric data and statistics.
- Aims for conclusive results, examining relationships among variables.
- Involves testing hypotheses.
- Utilizes larger groups and random sampling methods.
- Employs close-ended instruments for specific data collection.

Characteristics of Research

Objective data collection and analysis, minimizing researcher bias.

Variables in Research

General Definition: Variables represent components of interest like people, places, or phenomena that can be quantified.
Experimental Variables:
- Independent Variable (IV): Controlled and manipulated by the researcher.
- Dependent Variable (DV): Changes as a result of manipulating the IV.
- Intervening Variable: Hypothetical links between variables, not directly observable.
- Confounding Variable: Influences both IV and DV.
Non-Experimental Variables:
- Predictor: Used to forecast an outcome.
- Criterion: Often synonymous with the dependent variable in non-experimental settings.

Types of Variables

Categorical Variables:
- Nominal: Categorized without order (e.g., blood type).
- Ordinal: Ordered classifications without a strict hierarchy (e.g., socioeconomic status).
- Dichotomous: Two categories (e.g., gender).
Continuous Variables:
- Interval: Quantified along a spectrum with meaningful distances (e.g., temperature).
- Ratio: Similar to interval but includes a true zero point (e.g., weight).

Research Designs

Experimental Group: Receives the treatment or variable.
Control Group: Does not receive the treatment.
True Experimental Research: Randomly assigns participants to groups to study cause-and-effect.
Quasi-Experimental Research: Non-random groups are used to explore causal relationships.

Hypothesis in Research

Defined as a tentative explanation that links variables; tested through investigation.
Null Hypothesis (Ho): No relationship between variables.
Alternative Hypothesis (Hi): Indicates a relationship exists.

Crafting Effective Research Titles

Titles should be phrase-like with at least 12 substantive words.
Indicate key factors such as IV, DV, and target population.
Aim for clarity and attractiveness while adhering to the SMART criteria.

Background of the Study

Highlights the topic's nature, justifies the study, and addresses trends, issues, objectives, and overall contributions to knowledge.

Research Problem and Statement

Identifies areas of concern and challenging questions derived from literature or theory.
Clearly articulated statements of the problem identify key objectives and methodology.

Research Question Structure

Choose the type of question (descriptive, comparative, relationship).
Define the variables for measurement.
Write a complete research question addressing specific issues.

Literature Review

Review of Related Literature (RRL) examines connected works.
Paraphrasing involves rephrasing ideas without losing meaning.
Summarizing distills key points from material.

Scope and Delimitation

Scope: Defines the study's parameters, including demographics and temporal boundaries.
Limitations: Internal weaknesses beyond the researcher’s control.
Delimitation: Clearly outlines the parameters set by the researcher.

Conceptual Framework

Visual representation of the relationships between variables, indicating correlation and influence.
Arrows indicate causation; lines denote correlation without direct causation.

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Description

Explore the distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies in this quiz for Practical Research 2. Learn how each approach contributes to the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to enhance understanding of various phenomena.