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Questions and Answers
What is the size of the smaller ulcerative mass mentioned in the text?
What is the size of the smaller ulcerative mass mentioned in the text?
1x0.5 cm
What are the two main categories in which specimens can be classified?
What are the two main categories in which specimens can be classified?
Autopsy and Biopsy
What color is the tumor mass that infiltrates most of the breast tissue in F.13- Carcinoma (Breast)?
What color is the tumor mass that infiltrates most of the breast tissue in F.13- Carcinoma (Breast)?
What are the types of biopsies mentioned in the text?
What are the types of biopsies mentioned in the text?
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The tumor mass in O.8- Metastatic Nodule (Femur) is _______ in color.
The tumor mass in O.8- Metastatic Nodule (Femur) is _______ in color.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Skin shows masses of tumor epithelial cells that are variable in size and shape.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Skin shows masses of tumor epithelial cells that are variable in size and shape.
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What is the purpose of performing a biopsy on a living body? Biopsies are usually performed to determine the nature and extent of the disease processes in the removed _________
What is the purpose of performing a biopsy on a living body? Biopsies are usually performed to determine the nature and extent of the disease processes in the removed _________
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Match the following structures with their descriptions:
Match the following structures with their descriptions:
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Match the tumor features with the corresponding tumor type:
Match the tumor features with the corresponding tumor type:
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What is the process called to prepare histopathological slides in pathology?
What is the process called to prepare histopathological slides in pathology?
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What are the microscopic features of Acute Suppurative Inflammation?
What are the microscopic features of Acute Suppurative Inflammation?
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What is the main component found in Pyaemic Abscesses of the Lung?
What is the main component found in Pyaemic Abscesses of the Lung?
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Match the following neoplasms with their descriptions:
Match the following neoplasms with their descriptions:
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What are the microscopic features of Chronic Venous Congestion in the Liver?
What are the microscopic features of Chronic Venous Congestion in the Liver?
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Study Notes
Practical Pathology
Week 1: Gross Description of Museum Specimens
- Autopsy: examines the whole body after death, including a full system organ examination
- Biopsy: examines a small piece of tissue or organ from a living body
- Types of biopsies:
- Core (needle) biopsy
- Endoscopic biopsy
- Incisional biopsy
- Excisional biopsy
- Types of biopsies:
- Importance of an orderly and systematic method of examining and describing specimens
- Recognize normal structures present
- Describe differences from normal
- Pathologically interpret these differences
Week 1: Histopathologic Slides
- How histopathological sections are prepared
- Delivery of a specimen to the pathology lab
- Gross examination and trimming
- Fixation and tissue processing
- Cutting and staining sections
- Importance of proper fixation and tissue processing
- Fixation: hardens tissue, prevents degradation
- Processing: dehydrates and embeds tissue in paraffin
- How to examine a slide
- Examine with naked eye to get an idea of tissue structure and different areas
- Examine with low power (x10) to scan tissue and identify lesion
- Examine with medium power (x20) to diagnose lesion
- Examine with high power (x40) to identify cellular details
Week 4: Acute Inflammation
- Types of inflammatory cells:
- Polymorphs (neutrophils)
- Lymphocytes
- Macrophages
- Eosinophils
- Features of acute inflammation:
- Polymorph predominance
- Cellular infiltrate composed of excess polymorphs, pus cells, RBCs, and few macrophages
- Dilated, congested capillaries and inflammatory edema
Week 4: Chronic Inflammation
- Features of chronic inflammation:
- Presence of chronic inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages)
- Fibrosis and scarring
- Granulomas (e.g. in tuberculosis)
Week 5: Hemodynamic Disorders
- Infarction:
- Gross features: grayish-white area of necrosis
- Microscopic features: coagulative necrosis, cellular reaction
- Venous congestion:
- Gross features: dilated and congested veins
- Microscopic features: dilation and congestion of central veins and sinusoids, hemosiderin deposition
Neoplasia: Benign Neoplasms
-
Fibromyoma of uterus:
- Gross features: rounded, firm mass, whitish in color
- Microscopic features: smooth muscle and fibrous tissue
-
Papillary cystadenoma of ovary:
- Gross features: multilocular cyst with papillary processes
- Microscopic features: benign epithelial cells, papillary projections### Lipoma
-
Fibrous capsule surrounds the tumor, dividing it into lobules
-
Tumor lobules are formed of mature fat cells with a signet ring appearance
Capillary Haemangioma, Skin
- Skin is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Tumor is formed of variable-sized vascular spaces, empty or containing RBCs
- Spaces are lined by flat endothelial cells and separated by delicate connective tissue
Leiomyoma
- Tumor tissue is formed of bundles of smooth muscle cells in a whorled (fascicular) pattern
- Smooth muscle cells are elongated, broader than fibroblasts, with eosinophilic cytoplasm and rod-shaped nuclei
- Muscle cells lie in contact with each other, with no collagen fibers in between
- Bundles are separated by fibrovascular connective tissue stroma
Squamous Cell Papilloma
- Finger-like processes arise from the surface, each with a central core of connective tissue and covered by hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium
- Epithelium shows basal cell hyperplasia, acanthosis, and parakeratosis
Fibroadenoma, Breast
- Tumor tissue is capsulated
- Glandular and fibrous stroma proliferate, with glands variable in size and shape, but generally round or oval with open lumina
- Glands are lined by an outer layer of myoepithelial cells and an inner layer of cubical epithelium with no atypia
Osteosarcoma
- Irregular mass occupies the metaphysis and destroys part of the shaft, measuring 20x13 cm
- Fleshy, homogeneous cut section with areas of necrosis, greyish-brown in color
- Mass infiltrates surrounding thigh muscles
Malignant Ulcer Of The Skin
- Ulcerative fungating mass, rounded in shape, measuring 3x3 cm in diameter
- Edge is raised and everted, with a greyish-white necrotic floor
- Cut section reveals a solid, greyish-white mass, infiltrating the subcutaneous tissue
Annular Carcinoma (Colon)
- Segment of colon measures 17 cm in length, with a thickened wall (about 2.5 cm) by solid greyish-white tumor tissue
- Tumor infiltrates the whole thickness of the wall, causing ulceration and areas of necrosis
- Two enlarged lymph nodes in the attached mesentery indicate probable lymphatic spread
Carcinoma (Breast)
- Irregular tumor mass, measuring 12x5 cm, infiltrates the fatty tissue and reaches the skin surface at the region of the nipple
- Mass is made of greyish solid tissue, interspersed by greyish-white bands of fibrous tissue, and presents tiny cystic spaces
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Liver)
- Enlarged liver, with the outer surface greyish-brown in color
- Tumor mass replaces most of the liver, measuring about 17x10 cm, brownish in color, with a markedly necrotic cut section
- Outer surface shows large bluish areas of congestion
Metastatic Nodules (Liver)
- Slice of liver, covered by a tense capsule, with multiple nodules:
- Whitish in color, varying in size from 1-6 mm, with central necrosis in the larger ones
- Greyish-white in color, varying in size from 2 mm to 2 cm, solid, and opaque, with well-defined margins
Metastatic Nodule (Femur)
- Longitudinal section of the upper part of femur, with an oval tumor mass
- Mass is 3x2 cm, fleshy, not capsulated, but well-defined, and greyish-brown in color
- Mass destroys the bone marrow and has encroached upon and destroyed the inner part of the cortex
Pleomorphic/Undifferentiated Sarcoma
- Tumor cells are arranged in a storiform pattern and irregular fascicles
- Tumor cells are spindle, pleomorphic, and bizarre with marked atypia
- Multinucleated tumor giant cells may be seen, with numerous mitotic figures, including atypical forms
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Skin
- Epidermis is ulcerated, with masses of tumor epithelial cells in the dermis
- Tumor cells are variable in size and shape, with the same layers of the epidermis as the cell nest
- Cells show malignant characters, including pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, and mitosis
- Surrounding stroma is desmoplastic and contains inflammatory cells
Adenocarcinoma, Colon
- Malignant epithelial tumor tissue infiltrates the submucosa and muscle layer
- Tumor cells are arranged mostly in glands, lined by malignant cells showing pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and high N/C ratio
- Some glands contain necrotic debris, with desmoplastic stroma surrounding the malignant glands
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Description
This quiz covers the gross description of museum specimens, a critical part of surgical and experimental pathology. Learn how to examine and describe gross pathological specimens, including autopsy and biopsy procedures.
