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Questions and Answers
What are the two key factors considered when selecting a dual purpose chicken breed?
What are the two key factors considered when selecting a dual purpose chicken breed?
What is the recommended calorie-protein ratio for day-old chickens?
What is the recommended calorie-protein ratio for day-old chickens?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to evaluate layers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to evaluate layers?
What is the average feed consumption of a chicken up to 8 weeks of age?
What is the average feed consumption of a chicken up to 8 weeks of age?
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What is the recommended calorie-protein ratio for layers?
What is the recommended calorie-protein ratio for layers?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential supplementary feed resource for poultry?
Which of the following is NOT a potential supplementary feed resource for poultry?
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Which breed of chicken is known for its adaptability to hot and arid environments?
Which breed of chicken is known for its adaptability to hot and arid environments?
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What is the main objective when raising broilers?
What is the main objective when raising broilers?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary category of chicken breeds?
Which of the following is NOT a primary category of chicken breeds?
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Which type of chicken is primarily known for its egg-laying capabilities?
Which type of chicken is primarily known for its egg-laying capabilities?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of indigenous Ethiopian chicken breeds?
Which of the following is a characteristic of indigenous Ethiopian chicken breeds?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of importing commercial or exotic chicken breeds?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of importing commercial or exotic chicken breeds?
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What is a key trait of Bovans Brown chickens that makes them suitable for alternative production systems?
What is a key trait of Bovans Brown chickens that makes them suitable for alternative production systems?
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How does the growth rate of modern commercial broilers compare to that of egg-laying hens?
How does the growth rate of modern commercial broilers compare to that of egg-laying hens?
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Select the breed that is typically used for dual purposes.
Select the breed that is typically used for dual purposes.
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What is a common harvest weight for commercial broilers?
What is a common harvest weight for commercial broilers?
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What is the recommended minimum duration of light for a laying flock?
What is the recommended minimum duration of light for a laying flock?
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At what age can pullets be moved to a permanent laying house?
At what age can pullets be moved to a permanent laying house?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of poultry disease?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of poultry disease?
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What is the purpose of the 'all-in, all-out' principle in broiler rearing?
What is the purpose of the 'all-in, all-out' principle in broiler rearing?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT commonly associated with poultry?
Which of the following diseases is NOT commonly associated with poultry?
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What is the recommended Cal/protein ratio for finishers chickens?
What is the recommended Cal/protein ratio for finishers chickens?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for keeping chickens in houses?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for keeping chickens in houses?
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Which type of poultry house is characterized by having two open sides?
Which type of poultry house is characterized by having two open sides?
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What essential condition must be maintained in an incubator for hatching eggs?
What essential condition must be maintained in an incubator for hatching eggs?
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At what temperature range should the eggs be maintained for artificial incubation?
At what temperature range should the eggs be maintained for artificial incubation?
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When should hatching eggs be collected to ensure good production?
When should hatching eggs be collected to ensure good production?
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What is the primary purpose of brooding in poultry management?
What is the primary purpose of brooding in poultry management?
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Which of the following is essential for maintaining the hygiene of an incubator?
Which of the following is essential for maintaining the hygiene of an incubator?
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What is the main purpose of providing supplementary heat to chicks during the first four weeks?
What is the main purpose of providing supplementary heat to chicks during the first four weeks?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of artificial heat source used in brooding?
Which of the following is NOT a type of artificial heat source used in brooding?
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How does the laying percentage relate to the poultry industry?
How does the laying percentage relate to the poultry industry?
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What is the recommended size for an individual laying nest for hens?
What is the recommended size for an individual laying nest for hens?
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What is the purpose of providing perches in a poultry house?
What is the purpose of providing perches in a poultry house?
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What is the minimum space recommended for drinkers per bird?
What is the minimum space recommended for drinkers per bird?
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How can lighting positively affect hen management?
How can lighting positively affect hen management?
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What is a communal nest, and why might it not be suitable for tropical conditions?
What is a communal nest, and why might it not be suitable for tropical conditions?
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Flashcards
Cal/protein ratio for starters
Cal/protein ratio for starters
The recommended ratio is 135:1 for starter chickens (0 - 3 weeks).
Cal/protein ratio for finishers
Cal/protein ratio for finishers
The recommended ratio is 155:1 for finisher chickens (>3 weeks).
Purpose of poultry housing
Purpose of poultry housing
Poultry housing protects chickens from elements and increases production.
Types of poultry houses
Types of poultry houses
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Open Houses characteristics
Open Houses characteristics
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Artificial incubation requirements
Artificial incubation requirements
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Hatchery sanitation importance
Hatchery sanitation importance
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Factors for good production of hatching eggs
Factors for good production of hatching eggs
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Babcock Breed
Babcock Breed
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Dual Purpose Breeds
Dual Purpose Breeds
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Fayoumi Breed
Fayoumi Breed
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Poultry Breed Selection Factors
Poultry Breed Selection Factors
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Essential Characteristics in Selection
Essential Characteristics in Selection
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Layer Selection Criteria
Layer Selection Criteria
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Average Feed Consumption for Chickens
Average Feed Consumption for Chickens
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Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
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Laying Flock Lighting
Laying Flock Lighting
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Moving Pullets
Moving Pullets
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Broiler Rearing Principle
Broiler Rearing Principle
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Common Poultry Diseases
Common Poultry Diseases
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Disease Control Methods
Disease Control Methods
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Brooding Period
Brooding Period
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Natural Brooding
Natural Brooding
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Artificial Brooding
Artificial Brooding
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Laying Percentage
Laying Percentage
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Laying Nest
Laying Nest
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Feeder Space
Feeder Space
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Drinker Space
Drinker Space
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Lighting Effects
Lighting Effects
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Poultry breed categories
Poultry breed categories
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Utility types of chicken
Utility types of chicken
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Indigenous poultry breeds
Indigenous poultry breeds
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Common indigenous breeds of Ethiopia
Common indigenous breeds of Ethiopia
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Commercial or exotic breeds
Commercial or exotic breeds
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Layer breeds
Layer breeds
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Bovans Brown
Bovans Brown
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Modern broilers
Modern broilers
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Study Notes
Poultry Production and Management
- Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to analyze indigenous and exotic poultry breeds in Ethiopia, recognize poultry breeds, classify and select them, clarify poultry feed resources and feeding methods, estimate feed for different poultry breeds, compare common poultry housing types, describe egg incubation and hatchery management, explain poultry brooding and rearing methods, describe layer and broiler management, and discuss poultry diseases and their control. Students will also engage classmates in poultry production.
Poultry Breeds, Classification, and Selection
- Three main categories of chicken breeds: pure commercial, hybrid (cross- and local), and local/land races.
- Four types based on economic value:
- Egg-type (e.g., Leghorn)
- Meat-type (e.g., synthetic)
- Dual-purpose (e.g., Rhode Island Red)
- Ornamental (e.g., Bantam).
Indigenous Poultry Breeds of Ethiopia
- Ten common breeds/ecotypes: Chefe, Gebsima, Horro, Jarso, Kei, Naked neck, Netch, Tepi, Tikur, and Tilili.
- These breeds are non-descriptive and closely related to the jungle fowl.
- Vary in color, comb type, body conformation, and weight.
- May or may not have shank feathers.
- Strong broodiness (maternal instinct), good scavenging/nesting ability, resistant to diseases, and adaptable to harsh conditions.
- Characterized by slow growth, late maturity, and low production performance.
Commercial/Exotic Breeds
- Brought from other countries to improve local production (egg, meat, or both).
- Examples: Bovans Brown, White Leghorn, Babcock, and Fayoumi.
Layers
- Primarily for egg production.
- Parent stock eggs are often imported.
- Subsequent generations are used for egg production, while parent stock is for hatchery purposes.
- Several layer breeds were traditionally imported to Ethiopia.
- Examples: Bovans Brown and White Leghorn.
- The Bovans Brown is a docile breed well suited for traditional egg production facilities.
Broilers
- Bred for large-scale, efficient meat production.
- Grow faster than egg-laying hens.
- Reach slaughter weight (4-5 pounds dressed) in 5 weeks.
- Free-range broilers take 12-16 weeks to reach slaughter weight.
- Babcock is a breed currently imported and used for fattening purposes.
Dual-Purpose Breeds
- Used for both egg and meat production.
- Fayoumi breed is known for good adaptability to harsh, hot, and arid environments, specifically in Egypt.
Poultry Breed Selection Methods
- Selecting the best breed involves evaluating color, conformation, vaccination demand, and disease susceptibility.
- Essential characteristics considered in selection: consumption of feed, hardiness/adaptability, productivity, and efficiency.
- Layers are selected/culled based on appearance and individual performance (precocity, intensity/persistency of laying) as well as physical appearance.
Poultry Feeds and Feeding Methods
- Crops, byproducts, maize, and cereal debris are potential feed sources.
- Smallholder farmers use major green feeds (e.g., cabbages, grass, vegetables, weeds, enset by-products, alfalfa).
- Non-conventional feed resources include insects and worms.
Poultry Feeding and Nutrient Requirements
- Average daily feed consumption varies by age; 40 g/head up to 8 weeks.
- Chicken needs a calorie-protein ratio of 135:1.
- Layer ration needs a calorie-protein ratio of 170-180:1 with an average feed consumption of 115-125 g/head/day and a FCR of 1.8.
- Broiler feeding objective is rapid growth, therefore sufficient feeding spaces and quality feed are paramount.
- Cal/protein ratios are adjusted according to standard.
Poultry Housing
- Poultry housing protects birds from predators, rain, wind, and diseases, allowing for greater egg & meat production.
- Watertight roof, proper ventilation, and easy-to-clean surfaces are crucial.
- Common house types include Open Houses, Open Front Houses, Curtain Houses, Closed Houses, Deep Pit Houses, and High Rise Houses.
- Open houses have two open sides, a large overhang, and often wire mesh sides to protect from rain and sun.
Egg Incubation and Hatchery Management
- Incubation can be achieved naturally (using broody hens) or artificially.
- Artificial incubation requires a source of heat, thermostat set to 37.5-39°C, a tray for eggs with air movement, water to humidify the air, and a ventilator.
- Crucial factors for hatchery success include hatching egg collection (at least 4 times a day), temperature, humidity, ventilation, and hygiene.
Poultry Brooding and Rearing
- Brooding is the critical period from one-day old to 4 weeks when young chicks require constant care and supplemental heat.
- Two brooding methods: natural (by chicken) and artificial (e.g., electric brooders, kerosene brooders, hot air/water/radiant heat).
Layers and Broilers Management
- Layers in a well-established poultry industry begin laying around 20 weeks old.
- Peak flock production usually occurs around 8 weeks, with daily egg production nearing the number of laying hens.
- 'Laying percentage' is the ratio of eggs gathered to the number of birds over a given time period.
- Laying nests: two types (individual and communal). Individual nests are recommended for tropical areas for optimal heat dissipation.
Poultry Diseases and Their Control
- Germs can be spread through animals, people, and infected objects.
- Poultry diseases are caused by infections (viral, bacterial), parasites, or nutritional deficiencies.
- Examples of common diseases include Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, avian coccidiosis, helminth infestation, ecto-parasite infestation, Salmonella, and Campylobacter infections.
- Prevention is paramount and involves good hygiene and disinfection, especially with the "all-in, all-out" system.
- Vaccination and anti-coccidial agents are also crucial, and sometimes complete culling and starting anew is necessary for serious outbreaks.
Small Chicken Business Scenario
- This section details a small chicken business model with calculations for income, production costs, and profit margin (week & month).
- Students are encouraged to discuss ways to reduce production costs.
Activity 9.3
- Provides a framework for student involvement in small group discussions and activities focusing on poultry breeds, housing, feed, disease, and general management in their local areas, and if necessary, with additional resources provided by outside sources.
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Description
Test your knowledge on poultry breeding, focusing on dual purpose chickens, layers, and broilers. This quiz covers key factors in breed selection, feed consumption, and adaptability of different breeds. Perfect for poultry farmers and enthusiasts alike!