Movement Science Week 8

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following contributes to an individual's ability to perform activities?

Both environmental and personal factors (correct)

Neither environmental nor personal factors

Only environmental factors

Only personal factors

Activity limitations refer to the difficulties an individual may face in executing activities.

True

What is the primary purpose of using force plates in movement analysis?

To measure the forces exerted by a person on the ground.

The ability to detect walking speed and step length can be accomplished using a _______.

smart watch Signup and view all the answers

Match the following technologies with their primary function:

Motion Capture = Tracks joint angles during movement Surface EMG = Measures muscle activity through electrodes Pressure Sensitive Walkway = Analyzes gait and walking parameters Accelerometer = Measures acceleration and gait characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which contextual factors can influence mobility?

Environmental and personal factors Signup and view all the answers

Impairments are defined as _______ in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or loss.

problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of balance control?

Static Signup and view all the answers

Postural control is solely influenced by the sensory system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Define 'center of mass' (COM).

The point at the center of the total body mass, determined by the weighted average of the COM of each body segment. Signup and view all the answers

The ability to control the center of mass relative to the base of support is known as __________.

postural stability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

COM = Center of total body mass BOS = Area in contact with the support surface Feedforward = Anticipation of movement adjustments Feedback = Responses to disturbances after they occur Signup and view all the answers

Which factors can affect postural control?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What happens to muscle strength between the ages of 30 and 80?

Lower extremity muscle strength can decline by as much as 40%. Signup and view all the answers

Muscle tone refers to the force with which a muscle is lengthened.

False Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Postural Control

Postural control is the ability to maintain a stable body position in response to internal and external forces.
Center of mass (COM) is the point where the total body mass is equally distributed.
Base of support (BOS) is the area of contact between the body and the supporting surface.
Stability refers to the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS.
Stability limits represent the point at which a person needs to adjust their BOS to maintain stability.
Feedforward mechanisms anticipate potential disturbances and initiate postural adjustments proactively.
Feedback mechanisms respond to actual disturbances and adjust posture reactively.

Balance

Balance is the ability to control the body's position in relation to gravity.
Steady-state balance refers to maintaining stability under predictable, unchanging conditions.
Reactive balance involves recovering stability after an unexpected perturbation.
Proactive (anticipatory) balance refers to activating muscles in advance of potentially destabilizing movements.
Environmental factors like support surface, sensory cues, and cognitive demands affect balance control.

Types of Postural Control

Steady-state balance is characterized by maintaining a stable position under predictable conditions.
Reactive balance involves quick adjustments to regain stability after an unexpected perturbation.
Proactive (anticipatory) balance involves proactively preparing for potential disturbances.

Motor Systems for Postural Control

Motor systems contribute to postural control by generating coordinated muscular forces.
These systems involve high-level planning, coordination, and force generation through muscle activation.

Steady-State Balance: Alignment

Optimal alignment minimizes energy expenditure for maintaining equilibrium.
Postural orientation refers to body alignment and its position relative to the environment.
Optimal alignment involves a straight line from the mastoid process, through the shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles.

Steady-State Balance: Tone

Muscle tone is the inherent resistance to muscle stretch.
Postural tone is the background muscle activity that counters gravity.

Steady-State Balance: Movement Strategies

Maintaining stability often requires small movements.
Quiet stance utilizes both ankle and hip strategies.
Ankle strategy involves in-phase movement of the legs and trunk.
Hip strategy involves out-of-phase movement of the legs and trunk.

Sensory Inputs for Steady-State Balance

Visual system: Provides information on head position and motion relative to the environment.
Somatosensory system: Provides information on body position and movement relative to supporting surfaces.
Vestibular system: Provides information on head position and acceleration relative to gravity.

Sensory Reweighting

The CNS can adjust how it uses sensory information based on environmental cues.
This sensory reweighting is essential for maintaining balance in changing environments.

Reactive Balance Control: Movement Strategies

Ankle strategy is used for smaller perturbations on firm surfaces.
Hip strategy is used for larger, faster perturbations or compliant surfaces.
Change-in-support strategies involve moving the limbs to change the BOS, such as stepping or reaching.

Reactive Balance Control: Mediolateral Stability

Primarily relies on lateral movement at the pelvis, requiring hip adduction and abduction.

Reactive Balance Control: Multidirectional Stability

Requires coordinated muscle activation for balance control across different directions.

Reactive Balance Control in Sitting

Muscle activation patterns differ based on the direction of perturbation and the position of the legs.

Sensory Inputs for Reactive Balance

Visual system: Provides information on the surrounding environment.
Somatosensory system: Helps control body sway.
Vestibular system: Important for recovery of postural control.

Proactive/Anticipatory Balance Control

Preparatory phase: Postural muscles activate prior to movement to anticipate disturbance.
Compensatory phase: Postural muscles activate after movement to fine-tune balance.

Cognitive Systems in Postural Control

Attentional resources influence task performance, particularly during dual-task situations.
Dual-task interference occurs when performing two tasks simultaneously, potentially affecting performance on one or both tasks.

Age-related physical function changes can range from physically elite to physically dependent.

Muscle strength and endurance decline with age.
Muscle mass decreases with a greater reduction in the lower extremities.
There is a decline in the number of motor units and muscle fibers.
Concentric contractions and rapid contractions are more affected by age.

Somatosensation, tactile sensitivity, vision, and vestibular function deteriorate with age.
Decreased somatosensation and vision can significantly impact mobility.
Vestibular function decline can affect balance in different environments.

Older adults may have greater reliance on attentional resources for postural control.
Fear of falling can influence gait patterns and physical activity.

Falls

Extrinsic factors (environmental) and intrinsic factors (physiological, musculoskeletal, and psychosocial) contribute to falls.
Falls can lead to injuries and decreased mobility, especially in older adults.

Changes in Postural Control with Aging

Decreased stability limits, changes in movement strategies, and reduced anticipatory balance control are common in older adults.

ICF Framework

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) examines the impact of health conditions on an individual's functioning and participation.
It focuses on body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
Understanding the ICF enables clinicians to better assess and treat postural control challenges.

ICF Model

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model is used to describe an individual’s health and functioning.
It is based on the idea that health is more than the absence of disease.
The ICF model considers the interaction between a person's health condition and their environmental and personal factors.
It describes the human experience of functioning and disability.

Universality

The ICF model is universal and can be applied to all people, regardless of their health condition.

Parity

The ICF model treats all health conditions with equal importance.

Neutrality

The ICF model does not place blame or make judgments about the causes of a person's disability.

Environmental Influence

The ICF model acknowledges that the environment can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to participate in life.

Functioning at the Level of the Body

Body functions are the physiological functions of body systems, including psychological functions.
Body structures are the anatomical parts of the body, such as organs, limbs, and their components.
Impairments are problems in body function or structure.

Functioning at the Level of the Individual

Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
Activity limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing activities.

Functioning of a Person as a Member of Society

Participation is involvement in a life situation.
Participation limitations are problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations.

Contextual Factors

Environmental factors make up the physical, social, and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives.
Personal/internal factors are those unique to the individual.
External factors are factors outside the individual's control.

Individual Factors that Influence Movement

Gender can influence movement patterns, strength, and flexibility.
Age & Maturation influence the development of movement skills and the ability to perform certain tasks.
Activity/Sport Level influences the development of specific movement skills and the ability to perform physical tasks.
Anthropometrics (e.g., height, weight, body composition) can affect an individual's balance, stability, and movement efficiency.
Anatomical, morphological features (e.g., joint structure, muscle fiber type) influence movement mechanics and potential for injury.
Injury history can affect movement patterns, pain perception, and the ability to participate in activities.
Movement history influences an individual's movement patterns and coordination.
Pain can limit an individual's range of motion, strength, and endurance.
Mobility & Flexibility influence an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living.
Sensorimotor factors (e.g., balance, coordination, proprioception) influence an individual's ability to control their movement.
Fatigue can affect an individual's strength, endurance, and coordination.
Psychological factors (e.g., motivation, confidence, anxiety) can have a significant impact on movement.
Visual-perceptual skills (e.g., depth perception, spatial awareness) are important for balance, coordination, and navigation.
Neurocognitive factors (e.g., attention, memory, decision-making) influence an individual's ability to learn and perform new movements.
Systemic & physiological systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory) can also affect an individual's ability to move.

Mobility & ICF

Mobility is one of the nine domains within the component of activity and participation in the ICF model.
Mobility includes: Changing/maintaining body position; carrying, moving, and handling objects; walking.
Factors that influence mobility include: distance, surfaces, obstacles.
Gait Pattern Function is considered part of the body structure and function component of the ICF model.
Contextual factors that influence mobility include terrain, age, sex, and self-efficacy.

Upper Extremity Function & ICF

Upper extremity function is related to the neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions of the ICF model.
Includes: Control of voluntary movements; visually directed movements; eye-hand coordination; mobility; carrying, moving, and handling objects.
Contextual factors that influence upper extremity function include environmental factors such as the size, weight, and shape of objects that need to be lifted or carried.

Technology for Movement Analysis

Motion Capture systems use reflective markers placed on specific body parts.
Cameras track the movement of the markers to capture movement data.
Force plates capture the center of mass, stability, and sway elements of movement.
Motion Capture can be used to analyze joint angles and movements.
Surface Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle activity through electrodes placed on the skin.
EMG can provide information about muscle activity, timing, intensity, and synchronization.
Force Plates measure the force that a person exerts on the ground.
Force plates can be used to analyze force production during activities like walking, running, and jumping.
Pressure Sensitive Walkway is a type of force plate that can measure temporal and spatial parameters of walking and identify gait abnormalities.
Accelerometer measures acceleration and can be used to quantify gait characteristics.
Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) measures specific gravity and angular rates of objects.
IMU includes a gyroscope and accelerometer.
Smartwatches can detect walking speed, step length, double support time, walking asymmetry, and stair speed.

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Description

Test your knowledge on postural control and balance concepts. This quiz covers the definitions of center of mass, base of support, stability, and the different mechanisms involved in maintaining balance. Explore the nuances of steady-state and reactive balance as well.

Movement Science Week 8 - Notes