Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which condition is associated with chronic pelvic congestion?
Which condition is associated with chronic pelvic congestion?
- Chronic inferior vena-cava obstruction
- Chronic pelvic congestion (correct)
- Chronic superior vena-cava obstruction
- Chronic portal hypertension
What characterizes soft pitting edema in a patient with chronic venous insufficiency?
What characterizes soft pitting edema in a patient with chronic venous insufficiency?
- Soft pitting edema with pigmentation and eczema (correct)
- Soft pitting edema without pigmentation and eczema
- Hard pitting edema without pigmentation and eczema
- Hard pitting edema with pigmentation and eczema
How would an infected venous ulcer typically present?
How would an infected venous ulcer typically present?
- Painful superficial ulcer with absent peripheral pulsations
- Painless deep ulcer with absent peripheral pulsations
- Painless superficial ulcer with skin pigmentation around it
- Painful superficial ulcer with skin pigmentation around it (correct)
What is the main treatment for acute lipodermatosclerosis?
What is the main treatment for acute lipodermatosclerosis?
Which description best applies to a healing ulcer?
Which description best applies to a healing ulcer?
Which of the following findings from a mammogram indicate a benign condition?
Which of the following findings from a mammogram indicate a benign condition?
Which factor has not been shown to increase a woman's risk for breast cancer?
Which factor has not been shown to increase a woman's risk for breast cancer?
What should a patient with positive estrogen receptors (ER+) in an invasive breast carcinoma be informed about?
What should a patient with positive estrogen receptors (ER+) in an invasive breast carcinoma be informed about?
What characteristic is common in cystosarcoma phyllodes?
What characteristic is common in cystosarcoma phyllodes?
What indicates that a solid tumor of the breast may require a biopsy?
What indicates that a solid tumor of the breast may require a biopsy?
Which statement regarding fine, clustered calcifications is correct?
Which statement regarding fine, clustered calcifications is correct?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ER and PR status?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ER and PR status?
What is a notable characteristic of inflammatory carcinoma?
What is a notable characteristic of inflammatory carcinoma?
What is the best surgical option for a patient with a palpable axillary lymph node and diffuse calcifications throughout the breast?
What is the best surgical option for a patient with a palpable axillary lymph node and diffuse calcifications throughout the breast?
For a premenopausal woman with clear margins and node-positive invasive cancer, what is the recommended adjuvant therapy?
For a premenopausal woman with clear margins and node-positive invasive cancer, what is the recommended adjuvant therapy?
What should a pregnant woman with breast cancer be informed regarding chemotherapy during pregnancy?
What should a pregnant woman with breast cancer be informed regarding chemotherapy during pregnancy?
What is the status of breast cancer as a cancer diagnosis during pregnancy?
What is the status of breast cancer as a cancer diagnosis during pregnancy?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the management of breast cancer in a pregnant patient?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the management of breast cancer in a pregnant patient?
What has been determined about radical mastectomies in modern breast cancer treatment?
What has been determined about radical mastectomies in modern breast cancer treatment?
In the case of node-positive invasive cancers, what is recommended in relation to adjuvant chemotherapy?
In the case of node-positive invasive cancers, what is recommended in relation to adjuvant chemotherapy?
What might be a common misconception about breast cancer in pregnancy?
What might be a common misconception about breast cancer in pregnancy?
Which surgical intervention is considered the classical treatment for acute limb ischemia?
Which surgical intervention is considered the classical treatment for acute limb ischemia?
Identify the site that does NOT typically contribute to embolic ischemia in the lower limb.
Identify the site that does NOT typically contribute to embolic ischemia in the lower limb.
Which of the following is NOT a common contributing factor for foot ulcers in diabetic patients?
Which of the following is NOT a common contributing factor for foot ulcers in diabetic patients?
What is the first action to take when a diabetic patient presents with gangrene of a toe?
What is the first action to take when a diabetic patient presents with gangrene of a toe?
Upon diagnosing acute lower limb ischemia, what is the immediate step to take?
Upon diagnosing acute lower limb ischemia, what is the immediate step to take?
Which of the following is NOT included in the triad of Leriche Syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT included in the triad of Leriche Syndrome?
In which condition is catheter directed thrombolysis NOT appropriate?
In which condition is catheter directed thrombolysis NOT appropriate?
Which of the following scenarios does NOT lead to acute limb ischemia?
Which of the following scenarios does NOT lead to acute limb ischemia?
Which sign is most indicative of irreversible ischemia that may necessitate amputation?
Which sign is most indicative of irreversible ischemia that may necessitate amputation?
Reconstructive arterial surgery should NOT be recommended for which of the following conditions?
Reconstructive arterial surgery should NOT be recommended for which of the following conditions?
Which statement about post-mastectomy arm oedema is false?
Which statement about post-mastectomy arm oedema is false?
What does neo-adjuvant therapy mean?
What does neo-adjuvant therapy mean?
Which is the most significant risk factor when screening females for breast carcinoma?
Which is the most significant risk factor when screening females for breast carcinoma?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic association of mammographic lesions with malignancy?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic association of mammographic lesions with malignancy?
What is true about breast ultrasound?
What is true about breast ultrasound?
Which statement regarding MRI breast imaging is true?
Which statement regarding MRI breast imaging is true?
Which statement about breast FNAC is false?
Which statement about breast FNAC is false?
What is true about breast abscess treatment?
What is true about breast abscess treatment?
Study Notes
Post-Mastectomy Arm Oedema
- Arm oedema after mastectomy may not always be transient; some cases can become chronic.
- Radiotherapy post-lymph node clearance heightens oedema risk.
- Rough dissection of the axillary vein during surgery contributes to oedema.
- Inserting an IV line in the affected upper limb is a risk factor for developing oedema.
Acute Hypercalcaemia in Breast Cancer
- Parathyroid hyperplasia can lead to acute hypercalcaemia.
- Treating hypercalcaemia at home may be less effective compared to medical settings.
- Bilateral lower limb oedema is not a constant feature of hypercalcaemia.
- IV fluid administration assists in managing acute hypercalcaemia.
Neo-Adjuvant Therapy
- Refers to administering chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery.
Breast Cancer Screening Risks
- Significant screening risk includes a family history of breast or ovarian carcinoma.
- More than two first-degree relatives with breast cancer heightens screening concerns.
- Previous breast biopsies, even benign, can indicate increased risk for breast cancer.
Breast Lymphatic Drainage
- Breast lymphatics drain into axillary, internal mammary, pectoral, and subscapular nodes.
Breast Ultrasound Benefits
- Effective in localizing impalpable breast lumps and differentiating solid from cystic lesions.
- More beneficial than mammograms in young women with dense breast tissue.
Mammographic Lesions and Malignancy
- Large and coarse calcifications typically signal benign conditions.
- Thickened epidermis and poorly defined mass lesions are associated with malignancy.
- Fine stippled calcifications are indicative of potential malignancy.
MRI in Breast Imaging
- MRI can distinguish scar tissue from cancer recurrence.
- Considered the gold standard imaging method for breast implants.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in Breast
- Safe, reliable, and minimally invasive for cell diagnosis but may miss invasive cancer in situ cases.
Breast Abscess Treatment
- Management typically involves incision and drainage rather than solely antibiotics.
- Commonly unilocular, requiring appropriate surgical intervention.
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
- A slow-growing tumor with a favorable prognosis if adequately treated (e.g., mastectomy).
- Characterized by large polygonal cells and lymphoid infiltration.
Benign Mammography Findings
- Discrete, stellate masses and coarse calcifications are typically benign.
- Suspicious findings needing biopsy include solid tumors with irregular edges or size changes.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
- Smoking has not been significantly linked to increased risk of breast cancer.
- Atypical pathology from previous biopsies and family history escalate risk.
Estrogen Receptor Status in Invasive Carcinoma
- Positive estrogen and progesterone receptors indicate a better prognosis and suitability for antiestrogen therapy.
- ER and PR status should be assessed in all breast cancer cases.
Surgical Options in Breast Cancer
- Patient with palpable axillary lymph node and DCIS stage should consider total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy, avoiding sentinel biopsy alone.
Recommended Adjuvant Therapy
- For node-positive invasive carcinoma, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and tamoxifen are advisable post-surgery.
Breast Cancer During Pregnancy
- Most common cancer diagnosed in pregnancy; surgery is generally required.
- Chemotherapy can begin after the first trimester; radiotherapy is postponed until after delivery.
Acute Limb Ischemia Management
- Initial assessment includes evaluating pedal pulses and potentially amputation in severe cases of gangrene.
- Surgical intervention may include catheter-directed embolectomy if indicated.
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
- Presents as soft or hard pitting edema with associated pigmentation and eczema.
- Infected venous ulcers typically present as painful, superficial ulcers with pigmentation.
Acute Lipodermatosclerosis Treatment
- Managed primarily with anti-inflammatory drugs and external compression to reduce inflammation and swelling.
Healing Ulcer Characteristics
- Healing ulcers are typically characterized by small size, undermined edges, and a red granulating floor.
Complications of Varicose Veins
- Primary varicose veins can lead to acute superficial thrombophlebitis, highlighting the importance of monitoring venous health.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the factors influencing post-mastectomy arm oedema with this quiz from BFOM 39. Evaluate your understanding of the relationship between surgical procedures and oedema risk, as well as other related complications. Dive deep into key statements and identify the exceptions.
