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Questions and Answers
What term describes the phenomenon where a drug's effect is neutralized by another drug acting on the same physiological system?
What term describes the phenomenon where a drug's effect is neutralized by another drug acting on the same physiological system?
Idiosyncrasy refers to a normal response to a drug that aligns with its expected pharmacological action.
Idiosyncrasy refers to a normal response to a drug that aligns with its expected pharmacological action.
False
What type of tolerance occurs only with the oral route of drug administration?
What type of tolerance occurs only with the oral route of drug administration?
Pseudo tolerance
When a drug is given repeatedly at short intervals, the phenomenon where the pharmacological response decreases is called __________.
When a drug is given repeatedly at short intervals, the phenomenon where the pharmacological response decreases is called __________.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of drug tolerance?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of drug tolerance?
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Salicylates can reduce body temperature even when an individual’s temperature is normal.
Salicylates can reduce body temperature even when an individual’s temperature is normal.
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The dose of a drug given in pharmacopoeia is based on average maximum quantity to be administered to an adult within __________ hours.
The dose of a drug given in pharmacopoeia is based on average maximum quantity to be administered to an adult within __________ hours.
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What does Posology deal with?
What does Posology deal with?
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Elderly patients generally require higher doses of hypnotics due to increased drug sensitivity.
Elderly patients generally require higher doses of hypnotics due to increased drug sensitivity.
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Name a factor that can influence the dose of a drug administered to a patient.
Name a factor that can influence the dose of a drug administered to a patient.
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The average dose is usually mentioned in terms of mg per kg of _____ weight.
The average dose is usually mentioned in terms of mg per kg of _____ weight.
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug dosage?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence drug dosage?
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Match the following age groups with their drug sensitivity characteristics:
Match the following age groups with their drug sensitivity characteristics:
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Women react to drugs in the same way as men, except during pregnancy.
Women react to drugs in the same way as men, except during pregnancy.
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What is the term used for the phenomenon where drug effects diminish when the same dose is given repeatedly?
What is the term used for the phenomenon where drug effects diminish when the same dose is given repeatedly?
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Why are intravenous (I.V) doses typically smaller than oral doses?
Why are intravenous (I.V) doses typically smaller than oral doses?
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Which formula is specifically designed for calculating the dose of infants up to 2 years of age?
Which formula is specifically designed for calculating the dose of infants up to 2 years of age?
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Drugs are always ineffective when taken during or after a meal.
Drugs are always ineffective when taken during or after a meal.
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Dilling’s formula is applicable for children aged 4 to 20 years.
Dilling’s formula is applicable for children aged 4 to 20 years.
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What type of drugs should be taken before meals according to the information?
What type of drugs should be taken before meals according to the information?
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What does Clark's formula use to calculate the pediatric dose?
What does Clark's formula use to calculate the pediatric dose?
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The phenomenon where two or more drugs' effects sum together is called __________.
The phenomenon where two or more drugs' effects sum together is called __________.
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Match the drug with its potential issue in patients with specific conditions:
Match the drug with its potential issue in patients with specific conditions:
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The Cowling's formula for calculating a child's dose uses the age at next birthday divided by _____ to derive the dose.
The Cowling's formula for calculating a child's dose uses the age at next birthday divided by _____ to derive the dose.
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What is the primary age factor used in Young’s formula to calculate pediatric dosage?
What is the primary age factor used in Young’s formula to calculate pediatric dosage?
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What is meant by 'synergism' in pharmacology?
What is meant by 'synergism' in pharmacology?
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Match the following formulas with their appropriate age range:
Match the following formulas with their appropriate age range:
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The personality of a physician can influence the effect of medication.
The personality of a physician can influence the effect of medication.
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Calculate the pediatric dose for a 6-year-old child if the adult dose is 300 mg using Young’s Rule.
Calculate the pediatric dose for a 6-year-old child if the adult dose is 300 mg using Young’s Rule.
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Which drug is mentioned as having a major excretion route through the kidney?
Which drug is mentioned as having a major excretion route through the kidney?
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Catzel's formula accounts for surface area to calculate the patient's dose.
Catzel's formula accounts for surface area to calculate the patient's dose.
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Study Notes
Posology Introduction
- Posology is derived from Greek words "posos" (how much) and "logos" (science).
- It's a branch of medical science focused on drug doses and quantities for desired effects.
- Drug dosages can't be fixed due to individual variation (age, sex, disease severity, etc).
- Standard doses in pharmacopoeias are average ranges, usually for oral administration within 24 hours.
- Appropriate doses are needed for other routes of administration.
Factors Influencing Dose
- Age
- Sex
- Body weight
- Route of administration (e.g.IV vs oral)
- Time of administration (with or without food)
- Environmental factors
- Emotional state
- Disease presence
- Accumulation potential
- Additive effect
- Synergistic effect
- Antagonistic effect
- Idiosyncratic response
- Tolerance
- Tachyphylaxis
- Metabolic disturbances
Age
- Neonates and pediatric patients are more sensitive to certain drugs due to immature hepatic and renal function.
- This leads to slower inactivation and elimination, potentially causing accumulation and toxicity.
- Children often require lower doses compared to adults.
- The elderly are also more sensitive to drugs, sometimes exhibiting exaggerated effects (e.g. confusion from hypnotics).
Sex
- Women may respond differently to drugs than men due to physiological differences.
- Special care is needed during menstruation, pregnancy, and lactation.
- Certain drugs may be contraindicated during pregnancy & lactation because of their effect on the baby.
Body Weight
- Doses are often listed as a specific amount per kilogram of body weight for better patient tailoring.
- This method isn't suitable for obese, underweight, or malnourished patients; adjustments are needed in these cases.
Route of Administration
- Intravenous (IV) doses are often smaller than oral doses because of potential toxicities associated with IV.
- Route of administration influences the effectiveness and speed of drug absorption and action.
Time of Administration
- Food can delay drug absorption, and some drugs are best taken on an empty stomach. While this can't always be the case (e.g., iron, arsenic, cod liver oil).
Environmental Factors
- A physician's personality and behavior can impact the effect of drugs, especially psychosomatic disorders.
- Females are sometimes more emotionally reactive, thus requiring smaller doses for certain types of drugs.
Presence of Disease
- Pre-existing conditions can change a drug's effect.
- Modifications in dose might be needed based on the current disease and patient condition.
Accumulation
- Repeated administration may cause drug accumulation in tissues, especially if excretion is slow.
Additive Effect
- The combined effect of two or more drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
Synergism
- When the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
Antagonism
- When one drug opposes the action of another.
- This can be useful in certain poisonings.
Idiosyncrasy
- Unexpected response to a drug with a unique or abnormal reaction. This can include allergies.
Tolerance
- The need for a progressively larger dose of a drug to produce the same effect over time.
Tachyphylaxis
- Decreased response to a drug after repeated administration at short intervals, possibly due to receptor blockage.
Metabolic Disturbances
- Changes in water, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance can alter drug action.
Calculation of Doses
- Pharmacopoeia doses are generally averages for adults, taken orally within 24 hours.
- Dose adjustment is necessary based on the patient's age, body weight, or surface area.
- Doses should be carefully calculated.
Methods for Calculating Doses for Children
- Young's formula
- Dilling's formula
- Fried's formula
- Cowling's formula
- Clark's Formula
- Catzel's Formula
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of posology, the science of drug dosages tailored to individual needs. This quiz highlights various factors influencing drug dosing, including age, sex, and route of administration. Understand the importance of appropriate dosing for achieving desired therapeutic effects.
