Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characteristic distinguishes Demoisponge spicules from those of Calcarea?
What characteristic distinguishes Demoisponge spicules from those of Calcarea?
- Demoisponge spicules are made of silica.
- Demoisponge spicules contain spongin. (correct)
- Demoisponge spicules are primarily made from calcium carbonate.
- Demoisponge spicules are primarily found in deep water.
Which of the following correctly describes the reproductive strategy of Demospongiae in seasonal environments?
Which of the following correctly describes the reproductive strategy of Demospongiae in seasonal environments?
- They die in spring but leave live offspring.
- They only reproduce asexually.
- They leave behind gemmules during the winter. (correct)
- They reproduce continuously throughout the year.
What is a significant structural feature of Homoscleromorpha sponges?
What is a significant structural feature of Homoscleromorpha sponges?
- They have a large number of spicules.
- They possess complex pinacoderms.
- Their pinacoderm includes a basal lamina. (correct)
- They have a well-developed mesophyll layer.
How do sponges in the Demospongiae class adapt to their environments?
How do sponges in the Demospongiae class adapt to their environments?
Which form of sponge is characterized as the simplest of structures?
Which form of sponge is characterized as the simplest of structures?
What cell type in sponges is responsible for allowing water flow through the body wall?
What cell type in sponges is responsible for allowing water flow through the body wall?
Which layer of sponge cells is primarily involved in capturing food?
Which layer of sponge cells is primarily involved in capturing food?
What is the role of archaeocytes in sponges?
What is the role of archaeocytes in sponges?
Which of the following statements about sponge reproduction is correct?
Which of the following statements about sponge reproduction is correct?
Which statement accurately describes the spongocoel in sponges?
Which statement accurately describes the spongocoel in sponges?
During sponge development, what type of cell migrates inwards to line the chambers?
During sponge development, what type of cell migrates inwards to line the chambers?
Where do sperm develop in sponges?
Where do sperm develop in sponges?
Which component is NOT part of the sponge cell structure?
Which component is NOT part of the sponge cell structure?
What is the function of spongocytes in sponges?
What is the function of spongocytes in sponges?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sponges and true tissues?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sponges and true tissues?
What distinguishes Hexactinellida among sponges?
What distinguishes Hexactinellida among sponges?
Which of the following ecological relationships does not typically involve Hexactinellida?
Which of the following ecological relationships does not typically involve Hexactinellida?
Which feature of Hexactinellida allows them to potentially live for thousands of years?
Which feature of Hexactinellida allows them to potentially live for thousands of years?
What is the primary composition of the skeleton of Hexactinellida?
What is the primary composition of the skeleton of Hexactinellida?
What advantage do sponges provide in tissue engineering?
What advantage do sponges provide in tissue engineering?
What is a characteristic feature of Placozoa?
What is a characteristic feature of Placozoa?
Which relationship does not benefit the Hexactinellida sponge?
Which relationship does not benefit the Hexactinellida sponge?
Which characteristic is true about the ecological role of Hexactinellida?
Which characteristic is true about the ecological role of Hexactinellida?
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Study Notes
Porifera
- Sponges belong to the Phylum Porifera
- Sponges are multicellular and have specialized cells for different functions.
- There are three main types of canal systems in sponges: asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid.
- Asconoid sponges have a simple structure with a single large spongocoel.
- Syconoid sponges have folded body walls, increasing the surface area for choanocytes.
- Leuconoid sponges are the most complex, with a network of flagellated chambers.
- Sponges have three main cell layers: choanoderm (inner layer of choanocytes), pinacoderm (outer layer of pinacocytes), and mesohyl (gelatinous matrix).
- Sponges do not have true tissues, but they have several other cell types besides the three main layers.
- Other cell types in sponges include porocytes, archaeocytes, collencytes, sclerocytes, and spongocytes.
- Sponges reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, and the formation of gemmules.
- Gemmules are dormant masses of archaeocytes that can survive harsh conditions.
- Sponges reproduce sexually through fertilization, either internally or externally.
- Most sponges are hermaphroditic, producing both sperm and eggs.
- Sponges develop from free-swimming, ciliated larvae.
- There are four major clades of sponges: Homoscleromorpha, Calcarea, Demospongiae, and Hexactinellida.
- Homoscleromorpha sponges are typically simple and may lack spicules.
- Calcarea sponges have spicules made of calcium carbonate and can be asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid.
- Demospongiae sponges are the largest group and are mostly leuconoid with spicules made of silica and spongin.
- Hexactinellida sponges are known as glass sponges due to their silica spicules and have a syncytial structure.
- Sponges play important ecological roles, including being prey for predators, hosts for parasites and commensals, and competitors with other organisms.
- Sponges have been used by humans for various purposes, such as medicinal properties, tissue engineering, fiber optic properties, and to remove chemical pollution.
- Placozoa animals are very small and lack fixed shapes.
- Placozoa animals are free-living and do not have true tissues.
- Placozoa animals have 6 different cell types
Placozoa
- One of the smallest animals
- Free-living
- No fixed shape or symmetry, flat bob shape
- Have dorsal and ventral cilia
- Sister taxon obscure, thought to possibly be related to sponges
- Have 6 types of cells
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